TIMOTHY-TOAD. 



with some modifications, was adopted l.y the 



t' tin' I'niled ^ : put ill iipctaliiill oil 



\ riling Li this systi m, this conn 



lending from i..V i.i |-J.") \V. 1. in IT.. was divided 

 into tour time sections, each nt' I.V of lom.'itude. ex 

 artly cipiiv.dciit ID one limir. The objects aimed at by 

 tin- raiimad man.nicrs were In have as few Mandards 

 -~ihle. yet .-.i arrange them that the variation 

 I'ruiii mean st. I. ir time .it any point within llir section 

 :i-d I iy tin- standard .-limitil not exceed .'!0 min- 

 utes, an I that tin' ch.ingcs ill the standard should take 

 place at \\eli kn-iwn p.. hits of departure, chiefly at the 

 termini of tin- nmiLj. Tin' .\\slcni adopted n 

 of these rc,|ii;iei 

 Tin- T.'iili mcii II.IM west of Greenwich, which 



n .\.-\v York and Philadelphia, gave an excel- 

 lent startim: place. l,s lime was adopted lor tin: Dis- 



!'('i>lii:ii!>i:i liy :\--l oi' Congress approved March 

 '.tip to tliL' division of the eounlry siig- 

 , by IVof. Aiili.'- and adopted by the railroad com - 

 paliies, the Fii>t s 'clion. which is governed liy tile time 

 of that meridian. includes all the territory between tile 

 Atlantic coast and Detroit. I'itisbnrg. \VheeJing. I'ark- 

 crsburp. \\ . Ya., lluntiiigtnn. Itristol, Term., Au- 

 L-iMa, (1:1.. and Charleston (the last being its most 

 Southern point). The lime of this section is called 

 Kastern time, and it is marked by tl-.e dropping of 

 time hall; at n.iiin by the aid ol'the telegraph from the 

 I". S. Naval Obwrvatory and other obscrratoriea The 



: sei-li'in in-lude.s ail the territory from Detroit 

 and the other western limits of the. First section to 

 IJisinarck, Dakota. North 1'l.itte, Dodire City, etc. It 

 includes nearly all the .Mississippi Valley, the (lull' 



. and the . greater part of (ieor^ia. Its time is 

 governed by that of the Wth meridian, and is called 

 Central time. It is one. hour slower than 1 

 lime. The Third section extends from the 

 limit of the Central section to Helena, Montana, Og- 

 ilen, I'tali. and the western boundary of Arizona. Its 

 time is that oftho 10,'ith meridian, and is called Moun- 

 tain time. The Fourth section covers the rest of the 

 country to the 1'acilie Ocean. The time is that of the 

 Until meridian, an 1 is called Pacific, time, being one 

 hoar dower than Mountain time. 



One great advantage of this system is that the dif- 



t in time lietweeii prominent places is always an 



exact numh'T <d' hours. At 1- noon in New York 



city the time at Chicau ,i is II A. M. ; at Denver lo 



A.M. : at Portland. Oregon. '.> A. M. 



It is probable thai the sy.-lcm of standard time, 

 cuccessfnlly inuir.'iir.itcd in this country, will i 

 ally be adopted ihroiiL;hout the voi-l.l. An intonia- 

 tional . nti.-ls was hcl I in W'aallill 



r. IsM. at which the meiidian of (ircmwich 

 was rcrommeni'cd a- a common prime meridian to be 

 used in reckoiiin.L' longitude throughout the Wnlld. 

 AVhen this has (.,. lt adopted by ihe ^ival < oininercial 

 nalioiiH. il will be an easy ,-tep to have time reikoned 

 fnin incri-liaiis exactly a certain number of Inn: 

 of that piini" meridian, us is now done across the 

 North American continent. (j. P. L.) 



TIMOTHY. . KM, KIM:.. 



TIMltOD. HKMIY s -"-'- 1 s '' 1 "). : ' Soiiihern | t. 



was born at Charleston. S. ('.. J)ce. s. |si. his father 

 1" in.' a well to do bookbinder with pociic tastes, who 

 died while Henry was in childhood. After some pre- 

 liminary training in his native city, young Timrod 

 entered the I'niversity of lieorpia, but ill heiillh com- 

 pelleil him to leave before linishini.' his course. The 



Miidy of law [iroved in n-< ni.d to his poeti,- 



nature and ho became a teacher. His earlier |ioelical 

 which ap|N-nvil. 'Voiii nUiut I s !'.' to is">:!, in the 

 S'Hitlii i -a Lit, ni, -i/ M,ii/n-i,ir and the short-lived 

 AaMlTf M<i</'i~.inr (both of Charleston), attracted 

 lornl notice. In |s.',n b c . broir-'hl out a small volume 

 of his poems through Ticknor ,V Fields of ' 

 His feelinL"< at this eventful period were intensely 

 Suuthcrn, and on the outbreak of the civil .strife he 



me the Tyrtaeus of the South. His lyrics, "A 

 Cry to Arms" and "Carolina," as well as his ad- 

 "To the I'nkliown Dead" and " To Sprin.L'." 

 and his " Carmen Trinmpliale," breathe a spirit of 

 almost feminine tnideiness mingled with the tire of 

 martial ardor. For some lime Timrod was war-corre- 

 spondent for the ('hiirltflim Mm-nrii; in lM>:i he re- 

 moved to Columbia, S. ('..where l,e became editor 

 and part proprietor of Tin- S-iiilli ( 'nr//'iiinii. This 



{Hisitlon promi.ed a moderate mmpelein-i'. anil in lsi>l 

 ic man ied Miss Kate (liMidwin. On the entrance of 

 Sherman's army into Colombia, his oHicc. printing- 

 :.-. , were demolished and himself ruined. ".My 

 story for the last yi :,!" he wrote his friend Col. I'. II. 

 llayne in March. I still, "is beiruary, starvation, death 

 [Jic had lost a child], bitter I'rii-f. utter want." For a 

 lime he wrote editorials for The. (.'tirtilliiinii ot'Chatles. 

 ton, and later was glad to act as teinjwirary clerk to 

 (iov. Orr. In ISdT, owing to failing health, he <ui 

 :sions accepted the invitation of Col. llayne to 

 share his quaint home in the pine woods u! < leorjria. 

 Alarming hemorrhages drove him back to his home in 

 Columbia, and he died there, Oct. 7. Isil". An en- 

 larged edition of his poems and a sketch of his life by 

 1'anl II. llayne appeared in 1S73. 

 TIN. Sec.Ml.lAl.s. 

 TITIIKS. See TAHKKN M i r.. 



TITI'S. See I'AMoitAI, Kl'ISTLES. 



TlTl'SVILLK. a city of I'cnnsylvania. in Crawford 

 eo., is on Oil Creek. IS miles N. of Oil City, and on 

 three railroads. It has a national bank and other 

 banks, an opera-house, 1(1 churches, a high-school and 

 other schools, 1 daily and .'I weekly newspapers. Its 

 business prosperity has fluctuated with that of the oil 

 region in which it is situatofi. While still principally 

 engaged in this business it has :ilso iron-woiks and 

 barrel- and wagon-factories. It has a good sv.-ti m of 

 water-woiks. In ISM I its population was 0046. 



T< l.\l), the common name of the batraehian family 



,, . ,-,-,.. /lut'iitiiitii . sub-order . \inini, or tailless 



"> , i-o Amphibians. The toads dilfer from 



Ihe IVo.-s. the other familv of tin; 



\ill. Jkt !'/ i . > if ii 



Ainii-ii. in having the shoulder girdles 

 in an embryonic slate, and in being destitute of teeth, 

 aUo in being more terrestrial in I heir habits. Tiny 

 have a thick and heavy Inidy. covered with wart like 

 ::lands which secrete an acrid lltlid, the fore and hind 

 Dearly equal M) length, the tongue is well de- 

 veloped amf can U 1 protruded with great rapidity in the 

 capture of insect*. They absorb moisture by the 

 skin, which is east, off at intervals and swallowed. 

 Their life in water is confined to the breeding s 

 ordinarily March aul April, the remainder of their 

 :g passed on land. They spend the winter in 

 holes and crevices in a torpid state. The toad has 

 been long regarded a* venomous, though without war- 

 rant. Its glandular secretion may cause painful irrita- 

 tion of a tender OT abraded skin, but can do no further 

 harm, and (lie animal is entirely in^ and of 



gnat usefulness to man. as I great numbers 



;s injurious to vegetation. Toads have been 

 known to Ihe ::.. or I" years, andean survive for a long 

 period without food and with little air, though the 

 stories of their U-ing able to live for \ Juries 



hermetically sealed in rocks and trees need confirma- 

 tion. Hxpcriments in this direction show that toads 

 cannot long survive if deprived of air. 



'IVads arc found all over the world, though most 

 abundantly in the tropics. Ninety-two species are 

 enumerated in the family, of which 77 Wong to the 

 typical genus lli.fn. ( M' this genus the largest species 

 is /. m \meriea. of which individ- 



are often found. The I'nited States 

 has about I of Iliifn, of which the common 



- /!. li-iitii/iniMMs. 'fhis spi^cies oe- 

 curs from Maine and Canada to the Mississippi Val- 

 ley, and to the (!ulf Stall's, in which the typical form 

 (with bony knobs or crests above the eyes) is found. 



