TODD-TOLSTOI. 



683 



It is 2j to 3 inches long, with a thick warty body, col- 

 ored with spots of varying hue, size, and shape, the 

 lower pans a dirty yellow. It is quicker in its move- 

 ments than the comujoii European toad. The variety 

 found in the northerly region lacks the knobs over the 

 eyes, and is classed as the sub-species B. Amerfcaiuis. 

 From Massachusetts to Canada still another variety is 

 found, with an osseous ridge on the skull. 



B. Aiiii'i-iraniin in the Middle States is a common in- 

 habitant of gardens and other localities where insect.-. 

 abound. It is crepuscular in habit, ils quiet but sud- 

 den movements being familiar to all. It is the earliest 

 of the Batrachia to enliven spring with its note, as it 

 rests on the water while depoathiff its spawn and con- 

 tinues tn sing well into the summer. The eggs are de- 

 viosiud in u long, rope-like tube of transparent albu- 

 meii. which gathers into a coil on the bottom of the 

 water. When the young, alter their transformation 

 jrom the tadpole to the mature toad form, leave the 

 water they make lout' journeys in the evening, hiding 

 (b'ring the day. It rain falls they emerge from their 

 hiding-places, thus giving ri.-e to the supposition that 

 they have been rained down to the earth. 



A more localized and very small species, ]!. qvrrci- 

 oa, ranges from North Carolina to Florida. The 

 l.ii'L'cst North American species is />. /<om/xof the Pa- 

 cific region, which is sometimes nearly as large as /.'. 

 tii'i.riiiiiia. In the upper MigglKWppi region is a small 

 species, /)'._ ili/itii-iiiix, which has two well-developed 

 tarsal s]iurs for the purpose of excavating. This pe- 

 culiarity, which is found in some other Bpe ie of lii/fi), 

 is well developed in RktnonkryiH/m ilorxalis of .Mexico, 

 wliose remarkably strong shovel-like excavator enables 

 it to rapidly make its way into the ground. 



The members of the hatrachian family, FrloLatiJtr, 

 arc nearly all subterranean in their habits. The Ami li- 

 cail species of this family are exeeeilingly noisy at tlie 

 time of depositing (beir eg'.'s. X<-n<>/ii't>j>itx Uolbrnol.-ti. 

 the hermil spade-foot lead, is coniinon in the Middle 

 States. Other species are found in the South-west, 

 some of tin-ill with remarkably loud cries. Of the 

 family lii/liilir, or tree-toads, there are about 175 

 . principally found in tropical America. The 

 typical genus Hi/In has '.i.'i species, of which the com- 

 mon tree-toad of the 1'nitcd States is //. rn-sirtilnr. 

 'I'his lays its eirgs in the water on some fixed body, as 

 an aquatic pi- int. The species of this family arc noted 

 for their loud and varied cries, the tirsi note of spring 

 in the United States being the shrill piping of //. 

 I'll-!.' i-iiif/ii, a swamp dwell *. This creature, 



continues t.-> ^ing into the fall, but not with the loud- 

 1 his sprinirtiuio note. The Ih/- 



liilir arc often brilliantly colored, nndflome of them are 

 remarkable for their great changes of hue to 

 with the surface on which they rest. //. Ml 

 when rest in 1 .' on a tree trunk may Ix; of a dull brown 

 or a pale pray, representing a lichen ; but when am"i> _' 

 tree-leaves becomes of a bright green. Those species 

 which live anioiiL' flowers and varied foliage are often 

 very brilliant in their hues. 



Another family of toads, the Pipitlcr, are tonguclcss, 

 and differ in other respects greatly from those de- 

 I. One species, I', .\nxrinina, the Surinam 

 has a remarkable habit, without counterpart in 

 the order. The ojris arc not laid in the water, but are 

 received by the nnlc, who deposits them on the back 

 of the female. The skin thickens between the eggs 

 thus deposited, till each is invested in a sort of sac, 

 which is covered with a thin, gelatinous operculuui. 

 The young go through their metamorphoses in these 

 sacs, the tail and b;-:inchi:u being absorbed while they 

 arc still in the (:.'. They emerge perfect frogs. This 

 species is common in the dark corners of houses in 

 Guiana, and is Paid to be eaten by the natives, in spite 

 of its repulsive aspect. (c. M.) 



TODD, JOHN (1800-1873), Congregation;. list 

 preacher and author, was born at Rutland, Vt., Oct. 

 9, 1800. Hia early life was a struggle with poverty 



but he gained an education at Yale College, graduating 

 in 1822, and then studied theology at Andover. He 

 was pastor of a church at Groton, 1827-31, the con- 

 gregation comprising many Unitarians. Afterwards 

 he bad charges at Northampton (1833-36), at Phila- 

 delphia (1836-42), and then at Pittsfield (1842-72). 

 He was not only a strenuous upholder of Calvinism, 

 but was active in the promotion of education. His 

 own experience was largely embodied in his Stndmt's 

 Manual (18i>5), which had an immense circulation. 

 Other books of a similar kind, such as The Daughter 

 at St-hiMil (1854). were less fought after. Dr. Todd 

 assisted in founding Mount Ilolynkc Female Seminary, 

 and was president of the Young Ladies' Institute at 

 Pittsfield. Among his later books were Mountain 

 Hints (1864). Smixit Land (I860), giving his impres- 

 sions of California, and Old- Fashioned Lives (1870). 

 In Woman's Jtiffhls (1867) he took a conservative 

 view of the subject which provoked a reply by " (Jail 

 Hamilton'' under the title Woman's Wrong*. Dr. 

 Todd died at Pittsfield. Aug. 24, 1873. See John Todd; 

 the Story of his Life, edited by his son, Rev. J. E. 

 Todd (1876). 



TODHUNTER, ISAAC, English mathematician, 

 was born at Rye, in 1820. His father was of Scotch 

 descent and minister of a Dissenting congregation. 

 The son was educated first at University College, Lon- 

 don, then taught school at Wimbledon, and entered 

 St. John's College. Cambridge. He graduated as 

 senior wrangler in 1848, and became fellow, assistant 

 tutor, and mathematical lecturer of his college. His 

 school and college text-books on the various branches 

 of mathematics have had extensive circulation in Great 

 Britain and America. Besides these he has published 

 History <>f the Progrttt of the Co/'c/ifus of Variations 

 during tic Xiiiitcnitlt Cnitiiri/ (ISI'.I), and llistai-y of 

 tin' Slathent'lticnl 'llniniis of Attraction and tliC 

 Fi</urr nl tlie Earth from Aetcton to Laplace (2 

 vois.. 1873). 



TOLEDO, a city of Ohio, county sent of Lucas co., 

 is on the Miiiimcc liivcr. 8 miles from Lake Erie. It 

 is '.12 milis \V. of Cleveland and is an important rail- 

 road town. It has a g 1 harbor and a channel 17 ft. 



deep, bus been dredged through the Maumee Bay to 

 the lake. Large elevators, with storage for 5,00(1.00(1 

 biisln Is. and the immense union railroad depot iiflbid 

 facilities for the shipment of grain and flour. There. 

 is also a large trade in lumber, live-stock, hides, wool, 

 iron, and tobacco. The manufactures include carriages, 

 wagons, pumps, sleam-< ngines, agricultural imple- 

 ments, furniture and cabinet-ware, etc. There arc 

 id.-o bii;:t-yar<!s and bridgc-woiks. Toledo has a court- 

 house, 7 national banks, li oiher banks, r,0 churches, a 

 good .-y.-tcm of public schools, several private schools, 

 a free public library. 'A hospitals, 'A orphan asylums, 

 and other charitable institutions. Three daily and II 

 weekly newspapers are published here. The city is 

 g iverncd by a mayor, a board of aldermen, and a. 

 common council. It has a good supply of water and 

 a paid fire department. Toledo was formed in l8:-;r> 

 by the union of two villages, and in 1880 it had 

 attained a population of 50,137. 



TOLSTOI, COUNT LYKFF NncouuZvTTCH. a Rus- 

 sian novelist and reformer, was born near Tula, Aug. 

 28, 1828. He is descended from Count Peter Tolstoi, 

 a friend of Peter the Great. Among his contempo- 

 rary relatives were Count Dmitri Tolstoi, minister of 

 public instruction (1866-80), noted as an active agent 

 of autocracy and enemy of liberty, and Count Alexis 

 Tolstoi (1817-73), author of a trilogy of tragedies, 

 The Death of lean the Terrililc, C::nr Fmdor, and 

 Czar Boris. Lycff (or, as the name is commonly 

 written in English, Lyof or Leo) was early orphaned, 

 and was educated on his maternal estate of Jasnaja 

 Polyana, except for two years, 1843-5, at the Univer- 

 sity of Kazan. In 1851 he went with a brother to the 

 ( 'aucasus and entered the army. There he wrote his 

 first books, The Cossadis and Childhood and Youth. 



