964 



TOMATO. 



An English version of the latter, by Muluida von 

 - published ;ii London, Isirj. but at- 

 tracted mi especial attention ; and though Tnl to, 

 an in-iu-itrioiis writer fmm the start, his fame was for 

 Hi in . Pitied ti his own country. At tin- !>- 



giiiii'ng "I tin 1 Crimean war, IxVi. In- was trattrferrod 

 D.iirihc. and served on (he staff of J'riiiec 



-ll.lkofT. Ill tin- defence of Sevastopol lie cnin- 



liniilel a b.itterv : l lie painful exponottoei of that 

 year :iri' doMcribaa with accurate di'i.iil in HmutopoliH 



m!>rr. iii MII/, tiuil in Aiiyuxt. ( >n the OatMUOOn 

 of peace he re-inn. -d hi.s oouifflisripn and made litera- 

 loro hia ehief employment, spending UK summers n 



liis estate an 1 the winters in Moscow;, win-re lie mar- 

 ried tli d a-.i/iter of a ( ii-ruiaii phyfflcian. MVir ninl 

 I' iff. his l.n.'est book. :i|ipe:iri''l I.M'MI. The next 

 ye.ir In- became a magistrate, and th. necforlh lived 

 rhiefly in the oi'intry. striving fur the instruction and 

 improvement of hid peasantry, teaching iii the schools. 

 and writing educational booka. His must widely read 

 novel, .l/i/i.i K-II-I-IIIHH (ISTil-TT). bears witness to liis 

 Varying interests, an 1 indicates (perhaps unconsciously) 

 his ripenin..' disg'i-l with society and the conventional 

 modes uf life. Soon after its appearance he wholly 

 abandoned these and adopted the peasant's garb and 

 humble l.ibors, in pursuance of a scheme of socialistic 

 philosophy, whii-h he rather developed from within 

 tli.in learned from without. .)// Rilii/imi appeared in 

 the A K rue, an I Chriift i'!n-!si!nii!lii in an 



English transl.ition in l^-i"). His peculiar views arc 

 K't forth in these and others of his bonks, many of 

 which, however, arc n >t allowed to l)e printed in Russia, 

 but circulate in .MS. among his numerous admirers. 

 His theology, at once highly mystical and profoundly 

 ritionalistif, has been explained by Miss Eupgood in 

 the \>itinii lor Sept. - J7. |sss. It is understood to 

 deny the divinity of Christ, the special inspiration nf 

 the Scripture*, the validity of prayer, and the immor- 

 tality of the soul : yet he reveres Jesus as a supreme 

 example of influence, and accepts literally the praise 

 of poverty, the injunction of passive submission, and 

 the enforcement of love to one's neighbor: these he 

 obeys with unfashionable cmi.-Ntency and unfaltering 

 rcaL ! 'i"al authority he rejects, and would 



substitute " member of the Orthodox Greek Church " 

 lor " Pharisee." Nor will he enter or appr.ive a dis 

 r-ntinx seet, for he dc.-pise-i all organizations, and 

 lioMs tlu .-piril to be above them and independent of 

 them. In an evil world absolute, iioii-resi.-tan.-e. he 

 holds, is alike the only policy f/r those who have or 

 Heek the lipht, anil the mdy tin ohcilicnce to 

 precepts. Circnm.-tan (- |.iv\. nt liis carrying nut liis 

 views fully, yet he has arranged his life in a manner 

 which in any civilized land inu-t provoke amazement, 



.nit.y to be ipie.-ti.ined. He ]>;. 



to regard his pa.-t life with loathing, as regulated by 

 the false opinions and custom Having 



tasted wealth, rank, warfare, pleasure, fame, he has 

 found them vanity and vexation and IKMMI driven to 

 seek caiTcrly for the pe.ice nf faith. To Mr. Kennan, 

 the Siberian traveller, "lie spoke slightingly, almost 

 contcir.pl uously. of his works of fiction, and .-e.-ined 

 to regard them as monuments of misdirected energy." 



! \'iit In ('mint Tnl*t,,i, in the ('mtiir;/ 

 fine, June, 1SS7.) He work:, at the shoemaker's 

 MB n and in the fields, and lives on terms of ab.-olute 

 democratic equality with peasants. Yet he writes as 

 vigorously ta ever tracts and stories, which are ser- 

 mons, for the common people and thc% children ; over 

 them his influence is said to be powerful and wide- 

 spread. A sort of Russian liuddha. the object nearest 

 his heart is their improvement and the coming of that 

 millennium in which men, relieved from the incubi of 

 organized religion and irovernment. shall dwell (.. 

 in equality, peace, and mutual brotherly helpfulness. 

 To contribute to this end is his one desire; and the 

 government, which is swift to suppress an argument 

 or a treatise, often allows the same revolutionary ideas 



to appear in the guise of tales. A co'.i, ,-tion of Tol- 

 stoi's works in ten volumes appeared in IS.SD, but he 

 has written much since then, and his bibliography Li 

 for the future historian. 



Tolstoi's vogue iii America has arisen since 1- 

 writer in the \iiniii-ntli Cniliin/ said in IsT'J that 

 neither of hi.s two greatest Kinks seems likely to lie 

 translated into Hngli.-h. A version of Tin I 

 Mugene Sehiivler. when brought out in New York, at- 

 tractod so little notice that the publisher* determined to 

 venture on no more of hi.s. Sinev then, however, every- 

 thing U'aring his name has been welcomed, and a siu- 

 gle house has issued some littecn Volumes of his wiit- 

 11108, several of which arc on the market in more than 

 one Version. The translators are Nathan I! 

 Dole, l.-aU'l F. Hapgood, Mrs. Aline Delano, and 

 Huntingdon Smith: some are rendered from the 

 original, othcis through the French. \\iirnnd /'./<> 

 and Aiiini K<ir< tiin n are novels of great length : other 

 volumes, as .1 Iliimtiiiii 1'i-n/iritlnr and The I,<ii/ I.'.ri/r, 

 are named from one of sundry short stories. The list 

 includes Tin' CiKi.tiii-l.-i; St-rtistn/HJ ; Knlin . / 1,1 

 Ilj't'L; Tin- furiiilrr* ; In 1'nrsnit nf //"/., 

 II lint /'i'n/t/1' Lin lui; t'ltinili/ /ln/i/iiiifnx ; I ' lii/i/lnxxl, 

 /io'l/iniH/, mill Ynntli ; MI/ ('nni'-.txinit ; MI/ RtHgitm ; 

 Tin' I 'lii/xii >li ii/ii nf \\'nr; Xn/xifrnii nn,l tin- I,' 

 Cniii/Hiii/n ; and \\~lnit In iln : TlumyhU Ecnl.-id //// 



<IIX nf Mnil-mr. 



Kxce-pl perhaps Turgcneff, Tolstoi ranks as the first 

 of Russian authors. He has his votaries and his op- 

 ponents : Mr. \V. P. Hovvells is unstinting in his 

 praise, while Maurice Thompson decries him as an 

 injurious writer and a "socialistic crank.'' His earlier 

 and secular books illustrate with unsurpassed power 

 the virtues and vices of the realistic school; those 

 produced since- be awoke to his mission, though often 

 con died in the plainest lansruaire and dealing with the 

 daily life of peasants, are loftily idealistic in spirit and 

 conception. His genius is now generally conceded, 

 and few would deny the purity of hi.s motives and the 

 nobleness of hi.s aims ; but as to the enjoyable n- 

 his b.niks, no less than the licncflcial tendency of the 

 ;i I more ambitious ones, opinions differ widely. 

 The photograph'" minuteness of Anna Karciiinii, tho 

 relentless hounding of human weakness intj crime' 

 and misery. ;ire dreary and depressing to some, while 

 II in- inn! I'-ni-f h.is boon described as a huge and con- 

 fusedly overcrowded canvas. The reader may with 

 justice complain that these' romances are no more ee!i 



lyinir, no more agreeable, than real life. With mem. 



open an ' compressed eynicism. /,/,/ //;//><// sets forth 

 the worililcssni'ss of common purpeiscs and e-ares. An 

 te> bis lnt'r ami sheirter tale's, most wenild admit that, 

 they eifie'n, in gpita of their elaborately plelH-ian 



have force-, point, and beauty, with an elevate-d and 

 poetic moral. Teilstoi bimse-lf would indignantly re- 

 pudiate- tin- dictum of an Aim-rie-aii eritie-. "The do- 

 main eif his genius is fiction and not the bewilelcring 

 muddlenieiits of Mendo-philoaophy." The best e-ssays 

 on Teilstoi are in French, by 51. de Vogiitf and K. Du- 

 puy. (F. M. B.) 



TOMATO, the Lycsixprrsicum ma^atttnn, a plant 

 belonging te> the- \<//<n/<;mr, eir iiight-shaele family. 

 'I'here- are; numerous species eif the genus, all of South 

 Amcrie-an eirigin. though the esculent tomato is now 

 grown widely throughout the world. It is cultivated 

 for its fruit, which is a very important article of eliet 

 though umi! ree-ent ye-ars supposed to be' uneatable-, 

 'flu- tomato was introdueeel into Knglanel in l.V.Hi, but. 

 but for many ye-ars was greiwn only as an ornamental 

 plant eir for nie-elieinal purposes. It was kneiwn as 

 love-apple, which name is still given it in France and 

 Italy. It was first used as a ve-ne-tahlc in Italy, and 



s i afterwards in France and Kngland. thoimh it has 



been in general use for this purpose less than fifty 



warm suns, and does ne>t ripen to 



pcrfi-ctiein in Knirlanel. though it is grown there for 



market under glass. As at present used it is one of 



