600 



TUFA-OX. 



which Northern men ami women encountered in at- 



tcmptini: in settle in tlir Siiulh after the war. 'I'o it was 

 afterwards added an appendix, "Tlio Invisible Km- 

 jiiro." To the same class liclons his Brick* without 

 n,,t Mtmclon (l.-s-j); H,t 

 .};An .!/./. i/ f.. r,,.<,<r(|SM 

 dcnotint; t ; \inerican pcoj 



n .in./ hit i'iite (lr.) ; Jiiiltnn's Inn (I 



Mnry rclatin.K to tl arly days ut' Monnnnisni in 



Ohio; BUufJetuad LuUen to a King (\9K6\ From 



:is editor .if Our ( 'OH- 



tinnit, a weekly inaira/iiic. paUkhfld in Philadelphia. 



trihutcd more to tin- |x>Iitical cduea- 

 tion of our people than -Indite Touru'ee. Original in 

 method, fearless in expression, and L'raphie in style 

 he has pressed home to the hearts and consciences ol' 

 the American people the difficult political and social 

 problem* nf liis pciicriliim. His present residence is 

 at Mayville. Chantau.pia c., N. V, where lie employs 

 himself solelv in literary pursuits. 



T1JADK, HOAKHS OK. 'I'ln-se are combinations of 

 merchants, manufacturers, and others to promote the 

 interests of commerce, external and internal, and in 

 every way to aid the industrial advancement of eities 

 and nations. The first iilea cd' eoneerted aetion for 

 this purpose seems loin- due to Cromwell, who in lfi. r >. r > 

 appointed his son Kiehard, many lords of his eouneil. 

 jtiiL'cs and L'cntlcnicii, and aliout twenty meivhants of 

 London, York. Newcastle, Yarmouth. Dover, ete., to 

 meet and consider how the trade and navigation of 

 the Commonwealth niiirht be liest promoted. After 

 the Restoration, in ir.CO. Charles 11. established a 

 fnuncil of trade to control all the commercial interests 

 of the nation, and afterwards instituted a Hoard of 

 and Plantation*. This board, after IKMIILT re- 



Icd by William I [L, continued in existence till 



ITS'J. when it was abolished, and a new council for the 

 reiiiilation of trade affairs, on the. pl.in still existing. 



Jept 2, 178ft. 8ee TBADX, Bo ABD or, 



in the KNCTOLOPAOU BlUTASMcA. 



Apart from this governmental Ixiard. the merchants 

 of many cities, both in Kim.pe and in the I'uitcd 

 States, have organized civic Hoards of Tr 

 ('hamln-rs of Commerce, as they are called in 8OUIC 

 cases, whose deTlberatioM li.ive taken a wide scope and 

 proved of the ntmo.-t bcnelit to commercial interests 

 at larire. At their mcetini:- every subject relatinir to 

 the material intcre.-ts of cities and nations is debated. 

 the Baton Judgment of the members brought to bear 

 on the problem, and rc-ohitions taken in accordance 

 with the o]iinions of those bc-t adapted by their ex- 

 Jierience to offer wise and pertinent sii^'e-Mions. 



The earliest Ameri>Mii movement in this di: 

 Was made Ajiril >. I'l'.*. 0:1 which date twenty mer- 

 chants of New Vork organized them-. Ivcs into the 

 Chamber of Commerce of thai city, for tb 

 ]>jr|H)se of the promotion and eiic.iiira^ement of cotn- 

 incrcc, of adjusting disputes relative to trade and 

 navigation, Mip|<ortiii^ industry, obtaini; 



:ion. ana doing evervihiiiu in their power in the 

 -i of i-'ii tve. This assiK-iation is still in ex- 

 igence, the only one dalinjr from the last century with 

 the exception of the N. w Ilivcn Chamber of Com- 

 merce, organized in IT'M. No similar instilntioii was 

 iTirani/cd till Is.;:;, when the Philadelphia Hoard of 

 Trade w. i.- established, i-.ui.pii.-eil of per^'iis int 



neive. finance, maiinfactiirintr. ami the nieclianic 

 ;irt.-: its object lieim.- the promotion of the trade of 

 tbeeily. the improvement of facilities lor transporta- 

 tion, and the use of all proper measures for advancing 

 the inteicsts of the 1 iiimnnily. 



The idea thus instil uled by the leading cities of the 

 country was adopti- I I y olliers in gradual sm'cession : 

 by Cincinnati i, " iff.ilo in 1st 1, Chicago in 



iialliimire in l>l'.i. San Francisco in 

 land in l>" in l>:.t, Itetroit in |s;y,. Mil 



watlkcc in Ixntin in isCid, and others of the 



Biualler cities at variuus intei mediate and later periods. 



' In ISfiS a new idea was put into effect, in the forma- 

 tion of a National Hoard of Trade, composed of 

 delegates from the associations of the.-. the 



first meetinp of which was held at Philadelphia in 

 June of that year. It was composed of > 

 from the following organisations : the Hoards of Trade 

 of Albany, Baltimore, Pioston, Buffalo, Charleston, 

 Cleveland. Denver, Detroit. Ijoiiisvillc, Newark. II- 

 i. Philadelphia. Pillshiirp. Portland, Providence, 



St. Louis, Toledo, Troy, and Wilmington (Did.); tin: 



Chambers of Commerce of Cincinnati. Milwaukee, 

 New Orleans. New York, Richmond, and St. Paul; 

 the Boston Corn Kxchaiipe, Duhuque Produce Kx- 

 I change, New York Produce F.vchaiipc. Pcoria '' 

 chants' Kxchaiipe. Philadelphia ( 'ommcivial Kxcha 1 

 and St. l,oiiis I'nion Merchants Kxdianpe. Its pur- 

 pose, as stateil in its articles of oriranizat ion, was to 

 promote the efficiency and extend the usefulness of the 

 various Hoards of Trade, Chambers of Conine 

 etc.. orpani/.c for pciieral commercial pur) 

 cure unity and harmony of action in commercial ' 

 custom, and law, and to consider all questions pertain- 

 ing to finance, commerce, and the industrial in: 

 of the country. 



This national orpanization has met annually in dif- 

 ferent cities of the country, its nicciinps from IsT'.' to 

 I^ss having been held at Washington. Frederick 

 Fralcy. of Philadelphia, its first president, has pre- 

 sided over every siieec.-sivc mcctinp. and w; 

 at the meetinp held in ixxx at Washington, at which 

 ig 21 societies w< re represented. On Nov. 14, 

 m. etiiiL' was convened at Chicapo. In rcirard 

 to the L'cneral si'ope of interests considered at the 

 ilia's of the National Hoard of Trade, it may per- 

 haps best be shown by naminp those debated at the 

 I xsS meetinp. These included the subjects of adnli 

 lions, coast defences, river and harbor improvemei.K 

 postal telcpraph. apricnltural reports, revenue, trade 

 reciprocity wiu) Canada, bankrupt legislation, naturali- 

 zation laws, national bankruptcy law. currency, ques- 

 tions of shippim.'. pilotapc and qMarantinc, etc. 



The ineetinps of the city associations consider qnes*- 

 tions relatinp ]iriucipally to local interests, but the 

 annual deliberations of so many bodies composed of 

 the most experienced business men of our vai 

 cities, and of a national board made up of si lectcd 

 delepates from the local boards, cannot but be of (ho 

 utmost benefit to the commercial and industrial inter- 

 >(' the country, and po far towards the solvinp of 

 many mooted questions in social and political economy 

 and the promotion of the welfare of mankind in pen- 

 cral. The preat prowth of modern business and the 

 diversity of interests involved has necessitated the 

 formation in many citii iations devoted to the 



promotion of particular inteicsls. such as corn ex- 

 changes, produce exchanges, and the like, more re- 

 stricted in their interests than the peneral board- of 

 trade, yet wnrkinp in harmony with them. Some ex- 

 amples have already been named, and there may be, 

 added, as secondary to the old-established New York 

 Chamber of Commerce, the New Yolk Importers' and 

 Brokers' Hoard of Trade (1X72), and the Ni w York 

 Hoard of Trade (1X74). (c. M.) 



TKF.ASON. The crime of treason has i,, the 

 jCniled States undergone chanpes ill 

 its constitution from its character as 

 prevailing in Kni'land that arc charac- 

 teristic of the' difference between pov- 

 eniinents that have a purely popular basis and li: 

 that rest wholly or partly upon the derivation of pub- 

 lic authority by heredity. The povernment ol Hi-eat 

 Britain is popular only as it regards one of the branches 

 of its legislature, while the Crown and Jjords. con-ti- 



tatrag the other two branches, stiil el.iim their public 



functions through heredity. The. Crown of (Jreat 



Britain still p: union to nionareh- 



.i'.solute and limited that -ive to the act of treason 



anal character in its bearing upon the 'ci-.vmul 



..l. XXIII. 

 Am. l'.'-|>. . 



