TROLLOPE TROUT. 



701 



offered the bishopric of Jerusalem, but declined it. 

 He has made five expeditions to Palestine and Syria 

 and his explorations have been recorded in several 

 books, which have attained wide circulation. Among 

 them are The Land nf Israel (1865); Natural His- 

 tory of the. Bihle (1867); Daur/hters of Syria (186'J) ; 

 Bible llaces (1872); The Land of Moab (1873); 

 Fauna and Flora of Palestine. (1884). 



TROLLOPE, THOMAS ADOLPHUS, novelist, his- 

 torical and descriptive writer, was born in London, 

 England, April 2y, 1810. He is a son of Mrs. Fran- 

 Mi Trollope, whose strictures on American manners 

 are not yet forgotten, and brother of Anthony Trol- 

 lope, for whom see the ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. 

 After completing his education at Oxford University, 

 in Is4(l, he produced two volumes on Brittany, fol- 

 lowed next year by two on Western France. He then 

 took up his residence in Florence, and has been a most 

 prolific writer on Italy and Italian subjects. His Im- 

 jirixxioim nj n 11 auilnvr in I'n/i/ appeared in 1850, 

 followed next year by (1 ii-llinml of Catherine lU .)///< /'. 

 A Decade of Italian }\'oiin-it. and Tuxainy in 1849. 

 In I860 he published his Filip/>'> tilrozzi and Paul the. 

 Pope and hiul the t'rini: While he did not eo^ual 

 his brother in rapidity of production nor in popularity. 

 yet each succeeding year, down till 1870, saw one or 

 more new works from his pen. His novels range freely 

 from Italian to English subjects. Among them are 

 La Binta, Marietta, Ginlio Matntextn, Beppo the 

 Conxrfint. Ltndi.yain I'lm.te. Gemma, Artinrjall 

 Castle^ Dream \inniin-x. Lrononi Carol In I. 'I In- I In r- 

 Ktani/s of (Inrttany Grange, Dnrntnn Alilte;/. His 

 most important historical work is the Hixtnrji of the 

 Commonwealth of Florence, from the Km- 1 text Inde- 

 pendeMt of the Commune to tlie Fall of the Republic 

 in 1531 (4 vok, 1865). He wrote also a Life of Pope 

 J'iiix IX. (2 vok, 1877), and in 1888 published a vol- 

 ume of rcminiscenscs under the title What 1 Re- 

 memlx r. 



TROOST, GERARD (1776-1850), scientist, was born 

 at Bois le Due, Holland, March 15, 1776. He gradu- 

 ated in medicine at the University of Leyden, and 

 practised at Amsterdam and the Hague. He entered 

 the army of Holland as a private, but soon was coin- 

 iiii-Moned in the medical department. Louis Bona- 

 parte, while king of Holland, showed Troost special 

 favor, and in 1809 sent him to Java on a scientific explor- 

 ing expedition. He was, however, captured on the voy- 

 age and carried to France, and thence was permitted to 

 sail for America. King Louis having abdicated, 

 Troost settled in Philadelphia and established a manu- 

 factory' of alum in Maryland. He was first president 

 of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences 

 1HI2-I7, and first professor of chemistry in the col- 

 lege of pharmacy 1821-22. In 1821 he joined Owen's 

 socialist community at New Harmony, Ind.. but on its 

 failure in 1827 went to Nashville, Tenn. Here he was 

 soon made professor of chemistry and geology in the 

 university and in 1831 geologist of the State of Ten- 

 nessee. In 1840 this position was abolished, and on 

 Aug. ! 1. I *-,<. Dr. Troost died at Nashville. 



TUOUT, the name given to the smaller, river- 

 dwelling species of the salmon genus, and also to 

 several larger members of the genus inhabiting the 

 great lakes and the ocean. The number of species of 

 North American salmon and trout was enumerated at 

 43 in 1873, but has been reduced to 18 in the amended 

 list of Gill and Jordan. The old genus Salmo has 

 been retained for only a portion of the species, the 

 red-spotted trout, the lake trout, and some other 

 species being assigned to genus Nalriliiinx. The 

 speckled trout, S"lo. fontinalix, the brook trout of the 

 Eastern United States, is found between 32* :!<>' and 

 5;') N. lat. in the lakes and streams of the Atlantic 

 water-shed and near the sources of a few rivers of the 

 Mississippi system and some southern affluents of 

 Hudson Bay. The members of this genus are known 

 in England as charrs, in distinction from the black- 



spotted trout. In America they inhabit only clear 

 and cold mountain streams and lakes, and seldom ven- 

 ture to the sea, though probably restrained from doing 

 so only by the warmth of the lower waters of the 

 rivers. The brook trout is one of the most beautiful 

 of fishes, though probably the least graceful of the 

 charrs. It has a somewhat heavy head and large 

 mouth. The back is more or less mottled and barred 

 with olive hues and colored with large red spots, the 

 dorsal and caudal fins being also barred and mottled. 

 In extreme southern range the brook trout reaches 

 Northern Georgia, where, however, it is only a finger- 

 ling, while along the Canada border it frequently 

 reaches a weight of 10 Ibs. Ordinarily it seldom 

 weighs over 2i Ibs. It is the favorite game-fish of 

 American waters, being the most shy, niost cunning, 

 and mettlesome of all our fish, while in beauty and 

 delicacy of flesh it is unsurpassed. It is found from 

 the tiniest brooks to the largest rivers, is a bold biter, 

 but by its wariness palls out the greatest skill of anglers 

 in its capture. In the spring it delights in rapid-flow- 

 ing waters, but in hot midsummer retires to deep and 

 shady pools. The streams, however, are being rapidly 

 depleted of this fine game-fish, and, in the words of 

 an experienced angler, "This is the last generation of 

 trout-fishers. The children will not be able to find 

 any." Yet the hardiness of the brook trout renders 

 it well adapted to artificial culture, and it may be pre- 

 served in this manner. It has been successfully planted 

 in Europe. 



Of other American charrs may be named S. oquasia, 

 an exquisite little fish of the llangeley chain of lakes 

 in Maine, the allied S. arctiirus, from extreme Arctic 

 America, and the Greenland charr, S'. stagnalis. The 

 great lake trout, S. itamayciish, has been placed in the 

 same genus, though with some peculiarities of charac- 

 ter. It is found in all the larger lakes from New Eng- 

 land to Alaska. It varies from 15 to 80 Ibs. weight, 

 sometimes larger, and is of high rank as a food-fish. 

 In color it is grayish, with paler spots. Compared with 

 the other trout it is sluggish, heavy, and ravenous, its 

 great size and strength alone giving it value as a game- 

 fish. It keeps low, and seldom leaps out of the water 

 like brook trout. It is caught principally in gill-nets, 

 and in the winter through holes in the ice. It docs 

 not ascend rivers, but spawns in the shallower places 

 near shore. Another fish of this group, S. malma, 

 the Dolly Varden trout of the Sacramento, is a beauti- 

 fully colored fish, nearly related to the brook trout. It 

 is found in all the Pacific rivers, reaching 14 Ibs. ex- 

 treme weight, but averaging much less. It ranks high 

 as a food-fish, and occurs abundantly from Pugct 

 Sound northward. 



The black -spotted trout, S. pitrpnratus, a widely dis- 

 tributed fish of the streams of the Pacific region, is 

 classed by Jordan in the sub-genus Salar, as it differs 

 in some particulars from the typical fialmo. It is 

 found only in the region west of the Mississippi, ex- 

 tending thence to the Pacific. This species, known also 

 as the mountain trout, spotted trout, silver trout, etc., 

 occurs in all the rivers west of the Rocky Mountains, 

 varving in size from 2 inches to 2 or 3 feet in length. 

 It descends to the ocean, where it is known as salmon 

 trout, and attains a weight of 30 Ibs. 



The rainlww trout of the same region, S. iridem, 

 known also as brook trout, golden trout, speckled trout, 

 etc., is a small species, from 4 to 12 inches long, its 

 extreme weight being 5 or 6 Ibs. It is found in all the 

 mountain streams and is a good table-fish, but lacks 

 the gatmness and activity of the eastern brook trout. 

 It has been somewhat extensively introduced into the 

 waters of the Eastern United States. 



S. Gairtlneri, the steel-head trout, is another very 

 common western species, being found in every stream 

 and lake from New Mexico to Washington Territory, 

 and northward to Kamtschatka. It is more active and 

 _,-amy than the rainbow trout, larger and hardier, and 

 ikely to prove a more useful acquisition to eastern 



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