710 



TUPELO TURNER 



At Port Huron, sonic miles above Detroit, tlic River 

 St. Clair is now being tunnelled in order to :ivo'nl the 

 Wfjrngofaui U|M.II railroad lcrry-l>oats. \Vhcncom- 



ilcicd. tin- tunnel will shorten (In 1 distance Ix-twccn 

 JuHalo and the cities ol' iMroit and Chicago. It will 

 ! ovrr a inili* in length. 2. Hole. I licing under the 

 river, IMO lift under ilrv ground south of tin 1 city 

 limits of 1'. >rt Huron, and Mini, ,t i,n tlio Canadian 

 bide; 1500 feet of the |mrtion under tin- rivi-r will IK; 

 almost level, falling eastward only enough to i-au.-i- the 

 Water tliat leaks into (lie tunnel to run i i the Canadian 

 hide. Tlio total length ol the ascent on the American 

 Bide will be 4'JOO I'eet, and on the Canadian side 4'J70 

 Tin 1 length c-t' the open cutting or approach at 

 the Port Huron end til' the tunnel will lie 2 x 2n I'ret, 

 and at the Canadian end .'^Til feet. The. depth of the 

 lowest part of the tunnel In-low the surface ot the water 

 will be 81 feet, which is 1 "> let* higher than had been 

 at first expected, on account of anlicipated quicksands 

 and water-pockets. The minimum depth of the top 

 below the Ded of the river will be 15 feet. The tunnel 

 has a clear internal diameter of 2<> feet, and is intended 

 for a single track. A douhle-traek tunnel was at first 

 projwscd, but it was found that two single-track tun- 

 nels could be buijt at less expense than one double- 

 track. Should this tunnel pro\ . ;! and profit- 



nble, the company intends to build a si-eon d one. The 

 cost of the tunnel is estimated at $1,5<K).<KK). 



There have been various projects of tunnels around 

 New York city. One passing under the Kast Itivcr 

 is projected Ix-twccn Grand Street and the eastern dis- 

 trict of Brooklyn ; in another, from Long Island City, 

 the eastern entrance' of the tunnel would be nearly 

 J uiile from the river, and the western terminus 

 near Tenth avenue and Thirtieth street. The depth 

 In-low the surface of the water would be almiit 100 

 feet, rising to the surface under either city at an in- 

 clination of about do feet, to the mile. The intended 

 width of the tunnel in 27 feet and the height -21 led. 

 A double-track road will be laid, each track to lie a 

 continuous rail, to prevent noise and jarrine. The 

 proposed trains arc to be operated by electric mo- 

 tors, and the tunnel lighted by electric lights and 

 ventilated by Meam fans. At each station elevators 

 capable of holding loo passengers would connect with 

 the surface and elevated railroads. 



Another tunnel is [imposed under (lie Harlem River, 

 at the northern end of New York city, in order to 

 avoid the delay (Kvasioned by the opening of the draw- 

 bridges. The construction ol this tunnel presents, from 

 an engineering point of view, few difficulty .-. As tlie 

 depth of water t the maximum is :v> feet, there would 

 be but M feet of vertical ahilude to be oven-nine in the 

 gradients of the tunnel approaches, and this could l>c 

 il'ii.e by a irra-le of itK) feet to the mile which would 

 be perfectly practicable for the use of horse-ears nnd 

 teams, 'fen feet is considered sufficient headroom for 

 the tunnel, as has been ascertained in the Chicago ex 

 j.erienee. lint although a grade of 200 feet to the 

 mile is of no serious moment in the operation of'horse- 

 jxiwer, vet in the ease of steam-railroads, especially 

 tii..-. which transport heavy freight, hitch gnu- 

 to operating expenses in a largely increasing ratio. To 

 this grade to a more practicable one, the ap- 

 proaches would have to be earned back n longdistance, 

 which would greatly increase first cost and would intro- 

 duce other difficulties. 



The project of connecting New Jcrcey with New 

 \ ork city by a tunnel has often l'en discussed. Ix-cause 

 it would facilitate the passage to Philadelphia and other 

 Tin port ant points. The tunnel started under the Hudson 

 in IS74-5 by Col HaskiiiK. of New York, was aban- 

 doned after the expenditure of over $l,0(hl."OO. Al- 

 though the Pennsylvania Itailroa. I Company has con- 

 tiol of the charter under which ibis tunnel was to lie 

 const ru.-tcd. and which gives the owi.er the richt to go 

 underground to nny portion of New York or Brooklyn. 

 the old tunnel will uot be utilized. By a uew project 



' the underground work will be upon different prinei: 

 and will comprise two single -ir.iek tutinels. As the 

 expense of this operation will be stupendous, it is ; 

 po-cd to make all railroad lines entering J. 

 parlies to it. 'flic plan contemplates terminals, 'undi'r 

 WubiuotOD S(|uare, in New Vork cilv. at a depth of 

 I.", feet 1,,-low the earth's surface, which will occupy an 

 area of over an acie of .-pace. This will lie illuuiinali d 

 by electricity and furnished with every convenience nnd 

 comfort lor travellers. There is an'cvident tendency 

 toward the introduction ol underground railroads iii 

 the larger American cities, and ii i.- probable that in a 

 few \vais sonic of the various schemes proposed for 

 tiastengcr and freight railroads of this character will 

 iccewflllly executed. (p. Q. j|.) 



Tl I'Kl.o." SceCt-M TREE. 



TITPKIJ, MAKTI.N FAKQI IIAR, nutbor, was born 

 in Ijondon, July 17, 1MO, and educated at the Char- 

 terhouse. and at Christ Church, Oxford, graduating 

 ls:;i". He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn. but 

 never practised, and has lived on h^ e-tate of Alburg 

 ID Bomr. His literary career began with an anony- 

 inoux volu ..... of poems in 1832. His reputation was 

 made by I'mrn-tilnl I'/u'/nx,, /,/,,, (ISiiS), which the 

 Atlii'intinx thought not " likely ti> please beyond the 

 circle of a few minds as eccentric as the author's." 

 The crilic was ini.-taken ; of this and the second 

 1S-12, the hiindrc-dth thousand was issued in London, 

 i>'.'..and more than half a million copies have l.< i n 

 sold in America. The book has had the honor of 

 several French translations. A third series a) 

 1S|'.7. and was denounced by the Alhi'innim as "weak, 

 twaddling, and insincere, not sharp or clear, but ser- 

 pentine, flabby, and obscure." Mr. Tuiipcr's other 

 works are very numerous but less notable : they in- 

 clude several novels. 7V ('nick of Cold 



Il,;trl (ISI I) ; Tl<> Tirms (1844) ; and AV, V ,/, /.,,- 

 tun, or the Itai/s of A'i'iir/ John (2 Vols., ls;.",S) : of inis- 



.//' llir l-il, Mr. ./.',;. ( S'nV/( (1857) : and in verse. 

 OemUmi A Tlwimm, I Lii,,s (IS-45) ; 11,,,'- 



ti'iius (I S4S) ; Kin-/ Alfred. < i'lrinx in Eni/lifli Mfti'i* 

 (IS.'il); i/i/miit for alt Aii/i'wi* (translated into :;tl 

 languages, for the World's Fair, 1851); Lyric* 

 (1854); 3IK) &,nnrts (I SCO) ; several volum, 'sol ballads. 

 a few odes, etc., and two plays. Al/rnl (|M..',J ami 

 IMuyli (ISi'if,). The Ttmex in 1870 accorded him the 

 :ablishcd " position of chief butt for metropol- 

 itan critics anil professional jokers ;" but the I.ilirari/ 

 in ISIS called him "a genuine poet and an 

 original thinker,"^ and his admirers proposed a testi- 

 monial in I8C.7. Mr. Tuj.per's life has been unevent- 

 ful ; he v'.-ii.'d America in is',1. and was at one timo 

 talked of for a baronetcy, lie published Mi/ Lit, us 

 mi Ant/mi- (iSSi',). Of late his. circumstances are said 

 to have become reduced. 



TUHNKii. SAMI Kl. Hi I.IHLVRT (17'.V-lSfd), theo- 

 logian, was horn at I'hiladi-lphia. .Ian. I 1 :;, IT'.. (I. lie; 

 graduated at the I'nivcrsity of Pennsylvania in IMiT 

 anil was ordained to tin: Protestant Episcopal ( 'htirdi 

 in ls| I, beeominir priest in 1S14. He had ehai: 

 church at Chesterfown. Md.. for five years, and in 

 IMS was elected professor of historic theology in the 

 General KpUmpal Seminary. New York. lie re- 

 mained in connection niih this institution until his 

 death, thouirh he was transferred to the lifolessor.-lup 

 of Biblical learning and interpretation of Siripinn- in 

 ISL'l. He aNo held a professorship of llel.rew in 

 Columl from ls:;i. lie die.) I lee. 21. IN. I. 



He translated .lahn's liilrixhirlinii In llu- < >l<l T'*t>t- 

 nietit and published notes on some Imuks of the New 

 Te-tamenl ; Biographical \ntii-fs nf Disliii iitii*-lii-il ,li n - 

 (! S47); ' 



/</.< n/ I/if 

 with Spiritual 



; ^/iii-i 

 Ilu ha 



il mil 



had aba contributed to 



