TURNER-TYPOGRAPHY. 



711 



leading theological reviews and other periodicals and 

 left some manuscripts nearly ready for the press. His 

 Autobiography was published in 1862. 



TURNER, \VILUAM WADDEN (1810-1859), phi- 

 lologist, was burn in London but emigrated to the 

 United States in 1818, and learned the printer's trade. 

 He became distinguished for his knowledge of ancient 

 and modern languages. He was appointed librarian to 

 the University of New York, and in 1842 instructor 

 in Hebrew in Union Theological Seminary. In 18512 he 

 remove'! to Washington to bec-ome librarian of the Pat- 

 ent Office.and died there Nov. 2'J. I NVJ. He had assisted 

 in preparing Dr. Nordheimer's Hebre'.v text-books, 

 and in translating 1'Yeiind's Latai-Gerauui Lt'.cicnn as 

 a basis of Prof. K. A. Andrews' Latin Dictionary. 

 He devoted considerable attention to the languages of 

 the American Indians and contributed to the linguistic 

 publications of the Smithsonian Institution. 



TURTLB. .See TORTOISE. 



'IVSCAH.UVAS. See iROQrors. 



TYLER, WILLIAM SEYMOUR, educator, was born 

 at Hartford, Pa., Sept. 2, 1810. He graduated at 

 Auiherst College in 1830, and studied theology at An- 

 dover and was tutor at Aniherst. In 1836 he was 

 licensed to preach by the Third Presbyter}' of New 

 York, but, being made professor of Latin and Greek 

 at Aniherst, he devoted himself to teaching. In 1850 

 he was ordained by a Congregational council, and 

 thereafter preached occasionally in the college chapel 

 and in various churches. He has published several 

 scholarly text-books Tacitus' Gfrrfuntin mid .\;/ri- 

 <-'/// ; Tacit us Histories ; I'latii x Apolnfn/ and < '/'i/'i ; 

 fi'tarch on the Drliiy nf the Deity; Detiinstfirnts l)e 

 Corona; Demosthenes, Phi 'Uppity and Otynthiftc* ; 

 ' lished 



Homer's Iliad. He hiis published an essay on 



for ('nllei/i-* and a I/ixtnri/ nf Ainlierxt Ctilliyc (1873), 



and Tlienintni nf tlie OnJt 1'n'tx (18lj~). 



TYLOH, EDWARD 1U UNMT, Hnglish anthropolo- 

 gist. was born at C'auibcrwell, Oct. -. Is:;.'. He has 

 devoted himself to the study of the r,:-es oi' men, their 

 history, speech, and civilization. In 1871 he was 

 chosen a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1883 was 

 appointed director of the University museum in Ox- 

 ford, where he also delivers lectures, lie is also pres- 

 ident of the Anthropological Society. His publica- 

 tion are of the highest authority in his department of 

 h. Among them are Ana/mac, or Mexico and 

 tin' Mi-ri'c.nix (Ivil): KtfeOfcktt iii/ii ihe lli.-it'ir>i </' 

 M'iii/.-iii<l (lsr,;>); J'riniilire Culture (2 vols., 1871); 

 Aiit/iro/iolor/i/. mi Jn trod net tun to the Study nf Alan 

 and Civilization (INS I). 



TYNDALL, JOHN, British physicist, was born at 

 Leighlm-bridge, Ireland, in 1820. Although his 

 pap-lit.-, were very poor he received a pood elementary 

 Engltoh and mathematical training, and at the age of 

 I'.i h'-'-.ime a civil assistant in the division of the Ord- 

 nance survey which included his native village. In 

 he was cm ployed by a firm in Manchester and 



took part in railway engineering operations. In 1847 

 he became a teacher in Queenwood College in Eng- 

 land, whii-h wa> intended to give preliminary technical 

 training to engineers and agriculturists. Here he be- 

 came associated with the chemist Dr. Frankland, and 

 entered on a series of physical investigations which 

 have led to momentous results. The two friends, in 

 furtherance of their work, in 1848 went to the Univer- 

 sity of Marlburg, where they studied under II. W. 

 Bunsen (17. v.). Afterwards Tyndall went to Berlin to 

 work in the laboratory of Magnus. His researches 

 lii'i r-pivial refer'-ir-e to magnetism and dianiagnct- 

 ls:u. His publications caused him to bo chosen a fel- 

 low of t he Ituyal Society, and in 1S'>3 lie was chosen to 

 Mieeeed j-';iraday :,s professor of natural philosophy in 

 tin- hov.il In-iitiitiiin at London. Jn |s5ii lie joined 

 with I'm!' llux'h-y in investigating the glaciers of 

 Switzeiland. and the results were given in a joint pa- 

 per T:,:id:i':l rcliirni'd to Switzerland ii, 1857 and 

 obocqucut jcars, and alter heroic exposure succeeded 



in determining the winter motion of the Mer de 

 Glace. In 1859 he began to investigate radiant heat, 

 which led to his famous essay, Heat Considered as a 

 Mode of Motion (1803), and bis lecture On Radiation 

 (1805). He had already received the degree of LL. D. 

 from the University of Cambridge in 1855 and from 

 Edinburgh in 180C ; and Oxford joined in acknowledg- 

 ing his eminent merit by giving him the degree of 

 D. C. L. in 1873. In the year 1872 he made a very 

 successful lecturing tour in the United States, treating 

 especially of light, heat, and sound. After defraying 

 his expenses he gave the remainder of the proceeds, 

 amounting to $13, 000, to a committee in aid of stu- 

 dents who devote themselves to original research. In 

 August, 1874, Prof. Tyndall presided at the annual 

 meeting of the British Association held in Belfast. 

 His opening address excited a great sensation by its 

 support of materialism. He declared that he saw ''in 

 matter the promise and potency of all the forms 

 of life." The address was published "with addi- 

 tions and a preface " (1874). He had already greatly 

 shocked' the conservative religious portion of the com- 

 munity by proposing to test the efficacy of prayer in 

 behalf of a portion of the patients of a hospital. Ho 

 was scientific adviser to the British Board of Trade 

 and to the light-house authorities, but he resigned 

 these duties in May, 1883. Prof. Tyndall has a cottage 

 on the Alps and has given much time to the various 

 natural phenomena to be observed in those lofty re- 

 gions. Several of his books have reference to moun- 

 tains. Besides his publications already mentioned 

 maybe noted &(? (4th ed., 1883); Fragments of 

 Science (olh ed., 1870); Forms of Water (1872); 

 Floating Matter nf the Air (1881). 



TYNG, STEPIIKN HKHHNSON (1800-1885), clergy- 

 man, was born at Ncwburyport, Mass., March 1, 1800. 

 He graduated at Harvard College in 1817 ; after spend- 

 ing two years in business pursuits he studied theology. 

 He became rector of au Episcopal church at George- 

 town. D. C. , in 1821, and afterwards had charge of a 

 church in Maryland until 1829. He then removed to 

 Philadelphia, where he was rector successively of St. 

 Paul's and Epiphany Churches until 1S45. From that 

 year until his retirement in 1878 he was rector of St. 

 George's Protestant Episcopal Church in New York 

 city. He died at Irvington, on the Hudson, Sept. 4, 

 1885. Dr. Tyng was an eloquent preacher and ready 

 speaker. As a leader of the Low Church party he 

 cultivated friendly relations with all Evangelical denomi- 

 nations, lie was editor of the Episcopal Recorder in 

 Philadelphia and of the Protestant Churchman in 

 New York. He was an active promoter of Sunday- 

 schools. Many of his sermons were gatlxrcd into 

 book form. Besides these he published Memoir of G. 

 T. 7Je<W/(l835); Fiirti/ Years' J'lrperience in Kwidtni- 

 Scliools (1800) ; The Spruce,:'! (1870) ; 'J he Office and 

 l)uh/ofa C/irixlian Pastor (1874). Under the title, 

 A Child nf I'rfn/er (1800), he published a memorial of 

 his son. Rev. Dudley A. Tynjr. who had succeeded to 

 his fathers charge in Philadelphia, but was accident- 

 ally killed. 



TYPHOID FEVER. See FEVKR. 



TYPOGRAPHY. For a full account of the inven- 

 S V 1 XXIII t ' on ? nc ^ car '- v history of the art of 

 i 68 681 (P 9 3 I"'' nt '"gi ar) d a complete exposition 

 Am Rep ) ^ t ! lat ar *' together with accurate 



definitions and descriptions of the 

 phraseology of the composing-room and press-room, 

 the reader is referred to the ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITAN- 

 NICA. The work of the American printer and the 

 tools and phraseology of his art are essentially similar 

 to those of the English printer. Passing by these 

 topics, this article will treat of the American printing- 

 press, and especially of the rapid machines invented 

 in recent years to meet the demands of the great daily 

 newspapers. In all the successive achievements lead- 

 ing up to the marvellous results of the present time 

 American inventors have held an honorable place. In 



