728 



VALENTINE YAMHERY. 



vaccinated soldiers in Wurtcniberg only one case of 

 small-pox occurred in ri >/'/>. an 1 only Ihrrt among 

 2G.964 revaccinated civilians. 1 hiring three 

 epidemics of small-pox in Copenhagen, between the 

 years 1828 and is;;.'), not even a single instance of 

 varioloid was observed among any who had been vac- 

 cinated. ... It is due to (i (.'finally tn say that vac- 

 cination is nowhere more carefully and thoroughly 

 performed than in that country. It was there that 

 revaccination was first practised and lias ever since con- 

 tinued to be systematically |>ertormed. . . . During 

 the Franco -Prussian war small-pox prevailed to an 

 alarming extent, and both armies were freely exposed 

 to the contagion ; but the loss by death from that dis- 

 ease in the (ierman army was only Lti;{ men, against 

 1!3,4C8 in the French army, and the latter army was at 

 no time much more than one-half the size of the 

 former. In joining the French army vaccination was 

 not a prerequisite, and rcvaecination was in nowise 

 compulsory. Among the most conclusive proofs of 

 the efficacy of rcvaecination is that furnished by statis- 

 tics of small-pox hospitals. After thirty years of 

 labor at the hospital of London, M arson asserted that 

 but few patients were admitted who had been revac- 

 cinated with effect, and that these few had varioloid 

 in a very mild form. During his connection with the 

 hospital he revaceinatcd all the nurses and servants, 

 who had not had small-pox, on their coming to live at 

 the hospital, and not one of them contracted the dis- 

 ease. At a time, however, when a large number of 

 workmen were employed about the hospital, most of 

 them consented to be revaccinated, but there were a 

 few who declined. Of the latter two took small-pox, 

 while UM former enjoyed perfect protection. 



'The medical superintendents of the several Email- 

 pox hospitals of London report that (hiring the period 

 From 1876 to 187", when 11,412 cases of the disease 

 occurred among vaccinated persons, not one case was 

 known to occur in any person who had been success- 

 fully revaccinated. Of the nurses and servants cm- 

 ployed at the various hospitals, numbering in all about 

 1(KK), some half dozen only contracted the disease, 

 nnd these for some cause or other had escaped revuc- 

 cination Wore entering the wards." 



Dr. Welch concludes by saying that his twelve 

 years' service entirely agrees with the above, and that 

 no employ*? or attendant who had been revaccinated 

 before entering on duty had suffered with the disease. 



The question of the identity of small pox and cow- 

 pox virus, while still discussed, is now pretty generally 

 decided in the negative, and the ellicacy of horse-pox 

 vaccine as a protection against small-pox has also been 

 decided the same way. Helm vaccination (from man 

 to cow) is uncertain and not to be encouraged, the only 

 pure source being the " spontaneous " vaccinia of the 

 cow, which is continued and kept pure through the 

 vaccination of healthy heifers. (p. n. n.) 



VALKNTINIv En\y.\ur> Yinr:ixirs. sculptor, was 

 born at Richmond, Va., Nov. 12. ISL'S. his father 

 boing a merchant in that city. He went to Europe in 

 JK.VJ and studied first with Couture at I'aris, then at 

 Florence with Bonnruti ; and after a tour in the art gal- 

 leries of Italy, at Berlin, with Kiss, with whom he re- 

 mained for four years. On returning to Richmond Val- 

 entine produced portrait busta of Heauregard, J. E. H. 

 Stuart, "Stonewall " Jackson, and other Confederate 

 celebrities. His Lee I!. cumhcnt (-co Set I.ITTKK) 

 was executed for the mnuMilciitn attached to the 

 chapel of Washington and Loc University. Valentine. 

 had already spent some time at Lexington. \ "a . 

 modelling a bust of < I en. Ice. and was thus well filled for 

 the later task. He has ali> produced several ideal 

 figures nnd groups, the mo.-i noted licing Andromache 

 and Aslyanax. His bronze heroic statue; of .John C. 

 Breckinridgc, ordered by the State of Kentucky. 

 was erected at Lexington, Ky.. in November, 1887. 

 His latest work is a statue of "Stonewall Jackson" 

 for the Jackson Memorial Association. 



V\I.I.\NI'Ii;UAM.C..KMKNTl,MRn(IS2n-lS7l), 

 politician, was liorn at New Lislxm. Ohio. July L".i, 

 IM'II. of a Dutch family long settled in Virginia. The 

 name was originally Van LudegboB. lli> mother's 

 Scotch Irish blood also entered into his tcnacinu* c.>m- 

 balivencss. Alter tcachin? school two years in Mary- 

 land and acquiring the art of stump-speaking, he be- 

 came a lawver at Columbus. Ohio. |S4'J. was sent tot ho 

 legislature IS45-47, edited the Wmtrrn ].'ni/:i,' at 

 Dayton 1848-50, and was an unsuccessful candidate lor 

 several offices. Of unblemished private character and 

 untiring industry and energy, his extreme Southern 

 opinions loin: excluded him from public life; but after 

 repeated efl'orts lie in IS.'iT secured a seat in Congress. 

 lie always professed to lie for the I'liion. but he was 

 the most resolute, persistent, and annoying opi*>nent 

 of war measures in the North the model and leader 

 of such as were called Copperheads. The House 

 heard a resolution to inquire concerning his loyalty, 

 Feb. 19, 1^02, and received seven petitions for his ex- 

 pulsion. He was in constant anticipation of public, 

 punishment or private violence, but nothing short of 

 imprisonment or death could silence him. The same 

 r.cal and courage, exerted on behalf of the North, 

 would have won him a high place in national history. 

 "\Vhen his last term in Congress had ended lie kept up 

 his agitation by frequent speeches in ( )hio. Anywhere, 

 but in the United States he would have been snp- 

 1 at once. For a speech at Mt. Ycrnon. May 

 1, he was nrrcslcd May ft, by order of (Jen. 

 Bnrnside, commanding the department of the Ohio, 

 tried by court martial, and sentenced to be confined in 

 Foit \\arren. Boston harbor. 1'rcs. Lincoln, who, 

 perhaps, preferred to make his foe ridiculous, com- 

 muted tins to deportation beyond the lines. Yal- 

 landigham v, 1 to the Confederate troops in 



Kentucky. His friends protested, and Lincoln justi- 

 fied the banishment of one who was striving "to pre- 

 vent the raiding of troops, to encourage desertions 

 from the army, and to leave the rebellion without an 

 adequate military force to suppress it." The exile 

 made his way to Canada, was nominated for governor 

 of Ohio in his absence by the Democrats, and defeated 

 by n enormous majority. He returned home in June, 

 1804, ami was not further disturbed, for the tide of 

 war had turned and he was no longer dangerous. Ilis 

 death at Ijfbanon, 0., June 17, 18*71, was highly sen- 

 satioiial. He was arguing a murder case in court, and 

 in attempting to illustrate the tragedy another was 

 produced by the explosion of a pntol in his hand. 

 His S/'t !*. Argwnentt, Aililrrw.*. <m<l Lrtiirf. with 

 a sketch of his life, was published in 1SG4 as nn ex- 

 tended campaign documi nt. 



VAMBEKY. AuMixirs, n Hungarian explorer of 

 Central Asia, was born at Duna-S/.crdahcly. on an 

 island in the Danube. 1S."'J. lie was educated March 

 I'.', at I'resburg and Vienna, and was .1 private teacher 

 at I'csth when the revolution of 1848 broke out. and 

 naturally joined in the movement. At the siege of 

 Coniorn his leg was broken, but this fact probably 

 saved his life when the Austriaus became masters of 

 the place. He was, however, exiled and took n-fiigc 

 rt Constantinople. Here he improved his opportuni- 

 ties to become acquainted with the Asiatic lau- 

 puagcs. and finally he determined to visit the native 

 land of the Huns. First he spent nearly two veal's iu 

 the Ottoman embassy at Teheran, then adopting the 

 disguise of a dervish he joined a band of pilgrims oil 

 (heir way to Turkestan. Merited Khiva. Bokhara, 

 and Samarcjiud without detection, and on his return 

 to Europe brought with him a. genuine dervish 

 whom he had deceived by a pretence of visiting 

 Mecca. Ilis contributions to ethnographic and 



geographical s'-ici were warmly welcomed by the 



learned societies of Europe. His book, Ti'urr-h and 

 .\,tr>:,t>>rr* m Central Ania (London. 1864), wns 

 issued in several languages. His later books have 

 regard to the same general theme. They include 



