742 



VIRGINIA cKi:r.rKK-viTi<Ti/iTRK. 



enoe on biologv generally, it has little less than revolu- 

 tionized pathological study. I'nder this view di-i -as, .< 

 of the different organs which, until their essential 

 elements were demonstrated, appeared to have nothing 

 in common, arc now seen to be results of the same 



pfWMS. Tim- a :;..ir_' I. n l,-<:,-\ n..i\ 1 I.-MVC! :il 



work toward tlir classification and unification of dis- 

 ease and the resolution of complex forms into the 

 simplest elements. In other words, all the elementary 

 processes of pathology may be seen in the different 

 tissues and organs producing the same effects, though 

 the effects are manifested in a manner peculiar In each 

 part. With the same fundamental lesion the disease 

 is the same essentially, although wholly distinct in 

 appearance. Since the great bulk of disease can be 

 resolved into these fundamental processes, a scientific 

 and durable foundation for pathology is established 

 which is of the highest value and significance for phi- 

 losophic medicine. "The search," says Prof. Huxley, 

 "for the explanation of diseased states in modified 

 cell life ; the discovery of the part played by parasitic 

 organisms in the etiology of disease ; the elucidation 

 of the action of medicaments by the methods and the 

 data of experimental physiology appear to be the 

 greatest steps which have ever been made toward the 

 establishment of medicine on a scientific basis." (See 

 I'ATiiouxiY in the ENCYCLOPEDIA BIUTANNICA.) 



In the course (1854-56) of his researches on vegeta- 

 ble parasites as among the causes of disease. Virchow 

 invented the term mycogix. which has since been gen- 

 erally adopted. In the "Movement in Favor of I'nily 

 in Scientific Medicine" (in Cttllrctum of Contribution* 

 to Scientific Medicine, 1H49) he spoke of the origin 

 of life as a mechanical necessity, and in his three ora- 

 tions on Life and Disease (1862) he pointed to the 

 transmutability of species as a necessary basis for the 

 mechanical theory of life, lie opposed the idea of 

 Haeckel, that theories of natural selection should be 

 taught in the public elementary schools, on the ground 

 that facts only, and not theories, should have place 

 there. The burden of his lecture at Munich. Sept. 

 22, 1877, is throughout a caution against evading the 

 distinction between the problematical and the proven ; 

 "they are not on the same evidential level." He would 

 teach, he said, " evolution, if it were only proved ; it is, 

 as yet, in the hypothetical stage; the audience ought 

 to be warned that the sp<-culative is only possible, not 

 actual truth ; that it IK-]OIIL-S to the region of belief, 

 and not to that of demonsiratiori. As long as a prob- 

 lem continues in the speculative stage it would be 

 mischievous to teach it in our schools. We ought not 

 o represent our conjecture as a certainty nor our hy- 

 pothesis as a doctrine. " His principal works arc : (\1- 

 liilnr I'ntholoiin (4th ed.. 1871) ; llnndlnich ilfr Sfteci- 

 clli-n I'ntholoi;ir mill Tli'-rnpie ('A vols. , KrlaiiL'en, 

 I854-C2); FvttMoffy of Tumor* (3 vok. IN 

 the most exhaustive and comprehensive work on that 

 Fiibject; Dlf Kniirifl.-iliiiii/ (/,/ Sch&del-grnndtt (Mer- 

 lin. I x "i7): l>iirst'llini/j run </ri- l,rhrr iler Trirhintii 

 ( ! Sl'ili) ; TreatUm <-i>inn<t,<l in'//, X/i:/r Mi'i/iriiir (2 vols. , 

 IK' has also published: J'n/nilar Lrchirn: 



Arauroloffieal, i-'tlinolni/iriil. <!(. (isiiii. sqij.); (!n,th<- 



Of n \ntnr<iliiil (IKfil) ; A>ifi/nlir i/rr driitxclien T'trn- 



wt (Isi'. i) ; \'ntinnal l>ti;/,,/,i,tfn/ and tlu Importance 



ofthr Xnliirnl Sri, nrrg (1865): Kilnnilinn of \\~omrn 

 far tli'i'r Vonitiim (ISf,. r >): llu,,,,rr Titjilnm HSf.S); 

 Sewerage anil /)rainnr/r ( I 86<l) ; j'n/lilcnii of the Nat- 

 iirnl Science* in the nine \<itin>iiil Lifr f (Srrmaiiy 

 (1871); I)!f altiiorilisclim Si-hii<lil zu KopenJtage* 



(1*71); Urln-rd!,- ('Mortar, flc. (1872); T-hni<i<i> ' f 

 Diafctiim (1876); Liltfrti/ nf X<i,n<;- in t/<f Modern 

 State (1877); UeberdieWeddatvo* <'<</l<m (issi). 

 Those whose titles arc given in English have been 

 translated into that language. (j. W. W.) 



Vli;i;iNIA CKKKrKIl, the common nnmo of a 

 favorite American climbing plant, of the Vilacea or 

 vine family, genus Ampelotti, species A. qninqvefolia, 

 which occurs abundantly throughout tue Atlantic 



States, and extends as far west as Colorado. Tt is di- 

 tininiishcd by a slightly .Vtoolhcd calyx; the petals 

 concave, thick, and expanding liefore they fall ; the 

 flowers in eymose clusters ; the leaves digitate, with 5 

 oblong, lanceolate leaflets; the climbing tendrils digi- 

 tate at end. and fixing themselves by dilated suckcr- 

 Jike disks at the tips. This is a common vine, growing 

 in low or rich grounds, and climbing extensively, simi- 

 lar in habit and locality to the poison ivy or sumach. 

 but easily distinguishable by its five leaflets, the poison 

 ivy having but three. It blossoms in Julv, and ripens 

 its small, dark blue berries in October, these forming 

 an open grape-like cluster. At all periods it is an at- 

 tractive feature of our woodland scenery, but particu- 

 larly so in the autumn, when the leaves turn a bright 

 crimson, and it stands out in rich contrast to the darker 

 foliage of the trees to whose summits it hag climbed. 



(c. M.) 



V ITTCULTURE. The culture of the vine, or grape 

 plant Vitit, is one of the oldest of field industries, and 

 may be traced back to a very remote period in the his- 

 tory of mankind. The use of wine as a bevei 

 mentioned in the earliest literature of China and India. 

 Egypt and Palestine, and was very prevalent in tin- 

 great kinedoms of later antiquity. It was eventually 

 prohibited by law in China and the vines ordered to be 

 torn up while the precepts of Mohammed put an end 

 to wine-drinking among the vast multitude_s of his fol- 

 lowers, but in Europe it has continued without inter- 

 mission, and the culture of the vine is one of the most 

 important agricultural industries of Southern Europe 

 at the present day. All the varieties of the European 

 vine are supposed to belong to a single species, \~itis 

 viiiifera. in American vine culture, on the contrary, 

 this species is only generally grown in California, native 

 species being the basis of the culture in the Eastern 

 States. 



The vine was early discovered to be a native of 

 America, the Norse discoverers calling the country 

 Vinland, from the abundance of grapes which they 

 found. It was not, however, until recent years that 

 any definite effort to cultivate the native grape was 

 made. Wine is said to have been made from the Eu- 

 ropean grape in Florida as early as I, r )f'i4. while in 1602 

 it is stated that there were about 2,000,000 vines in 

 Paraguay. Vines were planted in Virginia about II'.IM, 

 at a later date in Delaware, and in 1C83 by William 

 Penn. in Pennsylvania. Many subsequent efforts to 

 introduce the European vine were made, but were all 

 unsuccessful, either the severity of the climate or the 

 great susceptibility of this species to the attacks of in- 

 sect enemies preventing its growth. Experiments with 

 native species were not made until somewhat late in tin- 

 present century. In 1835 Major Adlum, of George- 

 town, I>. C.. brought the Catawba variety to notice. 

 Its culture was ardently taken up by Nicholas Long- 

 worth, of Cincinnati, ami with such success that i y 

 1867 there were 20(X)ncres planted near that city. The 

 lack of hardiness of the Catawba caused the develop- 

 ment of other varieties the Concord, Norton's Vir- 

 ginia, and others and the total American acreage in 

 vines in ISC.7 was alxml 2.IKN1.000. _(For the native 

 species of American vines, and the principal varieties, 

 see (JliAl'K.) 



On the Pacific Vi/i* rinlfera was introduced by 

 Spanish Franciscans about 1771. After California be- 

 came part of the United States and the gold fever had 

 subsided, agriculturists began the culture of the mis- 

 sion grape, the vines which they found about the old 

 mi-sion flat ions, encouraged by the fact that these; 

 would grow without irrigation. But the wine made 

 f'r their fruit Jiroved of poor quality, and other va- 

 rieties of the European grape, and recently of the 

 American grape, were introduced, with much improve- 

 ment to the wine product, 



In Kurope the cultivation of the vine, except under 

 glass, has its extreme northern limit near Berlin, 52.30 

 N lat. ; its southern limit at 26 S. Palatable wines. 



