WATSON WAYNE. 



763 



societies ; of these lie wrote a history, published 1820. 

 Ilia }iit'>ry <if the Wmte.ni Canalx appeared the satue 

 year. Alter u journey to the lakes anil down the St. 

 Lawrence, in the interest of internal navigation, he 

 removed to Port Kent. N. Y., in 1828. and died there 

 1'cc. >. 1842. M' it "ml Times <>f the Revolution, taken 

 from hi:) journals and correspondence, and edited by 

 hU son, appeared I8S5. Both by his writings and by 

 the enterprises which he forwarded, and for which he 

 did much to prepare the way, Watson made contribu- 

 tions to Amerk-an history. His remarkable predictions 

 iiiadu in 18I5 in regard to the increase of population 

 in the 1'iiiti-d States down to 1 900 arc commented 

 upon by Prof. Francis A. Walker in the article on the 

 UMTKi) STATES in the ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 

 WATSON. .JAMKS CRAIG (I838-18M)). astronomer. 

 was burn in IlL'in county, Ontario. Canada, Jan. 28, 

 1838. His parents, however, were citizens of the 

 United States, and he was soon taken to Michigan. 

 He graduated at the University of Michigan, Ann 

 Arbor, in 1857, and for the next two years was a.-si.-t- 

 ant there in the Observatory. He acted as pro- 

 of a<tn>nouiy during the absence of Prof. 

 Briinnow till I860, and then as professor of physics 

 till 1803, when he took permanently the chair of 

 astronomy in the 1 'nivcrsity and directorship of the 

 Observatory, which he relinquished 1879 to accept 

 same positions in the University of Wisconsin. He 

 died at Madison. Nov. 23, 1880. He was one of the 

 most distinguished American astronomers. In his 

 19th year, on April 29, 1856, he discovered a coinet, 

 ami his computation of the orbit of the comet of 18~8 

 ( |)on. ill's) is considered authoritative. He was thrice 

 deputed by the U. 8. government to observe solar 

 eclipses iii 18o'.) to Iowa, in 1S70 to Sicily, and in 

 1878 to Wyoming and in 1874 to Pukin, China, to 

 db.-erve the transit of Venus. His original planetary 

 dimuverici amount to 23. He was a member of the 

 National Academy of Science, and other learned 

 lnli<s. lie received the degree of Ph. D. from the 

 University of Lripsic 1870 and from Yale College 1871, 

 and the degree of LL. D. from Columbia College in 

 1877. The Lalande gold medal was awarded to him 

 by the French Academy of Sciences in 1870 for the 

 discovery of six new planets in one year. He was (or 

 some years actuary of Michigan Mutual Life Insurance 

 Company. His considerable fortune he willed to the 

 National Academy of Science. His genius was that 

 of originality, though he claimed it not. His intui- 

 tions escaped "the ordinary processes of calculation, 

 and gave him a masterly command of mathematical 

 logic and formula;." His work. Theoretical Astronomy 



Sl'hila., Isi'.'.i). was at once accepted as a text-book at 

 ,<<:!|isii'. Paris, and lireenwich. His literary contribu- 

 tions are in AsttrieoM Journal of Science, Briinnow s 

 Axtroii'niiirii! Notices, Gould's Astrnnamictd Journal. 

 ninl foreign astronomical periodicals. He published 

 also r<>iil,ir Ti-fiti.if on Comets (Phila., I860); Report 

 <nt lloroloi/icul Inxtrnnii-nts, to the Centennial Exposi- 

 tion (187*0, ill "l T<tl,lefor the Calculation of Simple 

 ami Coiniioiiiiil Interest (1878). (j. W. W.) 



WATTBR80N, HKNRY, journalist, was born at 

 Washington, D. C., Feb. 16. 1840, his father, the 

 Hon. Harvey M. Watterson, being then a Democratic 

 illative in Congress from Tennessee. On ac- 

 count of his defective eyesight young Watterson was 

 flu ,-ati -d chiefly by tutors at home. At a very early 

 age he became dramatic and literary critic for the 

 Stuff*, a Washington journal. At the age of 18 he 

 became editor of the Washington Democratic Review, 

 but in lxt',1 he returned to Tennessee to assume the 

 editorship of The. J{e/>nltlican Bainirr at Nashville. 

 Shortly alter the commencement of the civil war he 

 entered the Confederate service, remaining in it till 

 the close of the struggle with the exception of one 

 year, during which he edited the Chattatiooi/a Hit,*!. 

 At the end of the war he returned to Nashville arid 

 revived The Republican Banner, and then removed to 



Louisville to undertake the editorship of the Louisville 

 Jour/lid, in which he had purchased au interest. In 

 1868 this paper was consolidated with two others into 

 the Courier-Journal, of which he continues to be 

 editor. It has become one of the foremost organs of 

 the Democratic mrty in the South. Mr. Wattcrsun 

 was temporary chairman of the National Democratic 

 Convention of 1 S76, and he was a member of Congress 

 from August, 1876, to March, 1877. lie is an able 

 political writer, a brilliant and incisive orator, and an 

 uncompromising advocate of free trade. 



WAYLAND, FRANCIS (1796-1865), president of 

 Brown University, was born in New York city, March 

 11, 1796. His parents, who were of English birth, 

 removed to Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1807. He gradu- 

 ated nt Union College 1815, studied medicine and 

 divinity, entered the Baptist ministry, and was a tutor 

 at his alma mater 1817-21. For the next five years he 

 held a charge in Boston, and there won great reputa- 

 tion by a sermon on The floral Dignity of the Mis- 

 sionary Enterprise (1823), and two on The Dulles of 

 an American Citizen, In 1826 he returned to Union 

 College as professor of mathematics and natural 

 philosophy, but left it in February, 1827, for the 

 presidency of Brown University, which he held for 28 

 years with distinguished success. He anticipated some 

 of the chief educational reforms of our day in his 

 Thought* on the I'resent Collegiate System in the. 

 United Slates (1842). which favored a freer and more 

 practical curriculum for students of non-professional 

 aims. His Report for 1 850 shows that these views had 

 to sonic extent been embodied in changes of the course 

 of studies at Brown the preceding year. As a maker 

 of text-books (which embodied his class lectures) he 

 stood in the front rank. Of his Elements of Moral 

 Science (1835) 90.000 copies had been sold m 1868, 

 besides sundry editions in England, and translations 

 into foreign languages. His 1'oUtiail Economy (1837) 

 attained a circulation about half as great. Both these 

 wire used in the Sandwich Islands in a native version. 

 His Intellectual I'htlosophy (1854) was less successful 

 but is still in the market. Dr. AVayland retained his 

 eminence as a preacher and published Sermons (3 vols., 

 1833, 1849, and 1858), besides Salvation by Christ 

 (1859), and Notes on the Principles and Practices of 

 the Baptist Churches (1857), the last being reprinted 

 from the N. Y. Ivjuiniiner. He was easily the leader 

 of his denomination in America, Among his other 

 works are Limitations of Human Responsibility 

 (1838); Letters on the Ministry (18(13), and memoirs 

 of Harriet Ware (1850), Dr. A. Judson (1853), and 

 Dr. Chalmers (1864). lie was very active in the cause 

 of free libraries and public schools in and beyond his 

 own State ; he founded the American Institute of 

 Instruction, and was long its president ; and he did 

 much for prison reform and other benevolent enter- 

 prises. Concerning slavery his position was early and 

 clearly defined ; a correspondence between him and 

 Dr. Richard Fuller (q. v.), of Beaufort, S. C., ap- 

 peared in 1845. He resigned the presidency of Brown 

 in 1855, but continued to preach and write. He died 

 at Providence, Sept 30, 1865. See Memoir by his 

 sons (2 vols., 1869). 



WAYNE, ANTHONY (1745-1796), general, was born 

 Jan. 1, 1745, in Chester co., Pa. His grandfather 

 and father had seen service and his own youthful 

 inclinations were strongly military. He was sent to 

 school in Philadelphia, became a surveyor, and spent 

 a year, 1 765-66, in Nova Scotia. He was a member of 

 the Pennsylvania provincial legislature in 1774 and of 

 the Committee of Safety in 1775. Soon after he 

 raised a regiment, was commissioned colonel in Jan- 

 uary, 1776, and sent in April to Canada. At Three 

 Riven, in June, he distinguished himself and was 

 wounded. He hp.d command at Ticondcroga for six 

 months, was made brigadier-general May 21, I"?) 

 and joined Washington in New Jersey. He rendered 

 efficient service at the Brandy wine, Sept. 11 ; having 



