WHITEHOUSE WHITING. 



771. 



Mountain region occurs C. Williumsoni, a fish of 

 about a pound weight which ranks high as a food-fish. 

 Another species, C. Otstgo, known as the "Otsego 

 bass," has as yet been found nowhere but in Otsego 

 Lake. It is about half the weight of the lake white- 

 fish and is said to surpass even this fine fish in excel- 

 lence. The whitefish were among the first which were 

 subjected to experiments in artificial reproduction. 

 Thfi efforts in this direction were very successful and 



ness is not at all times profitable. Associations of 

 manufacturers have at different periods been formed 

 for the purpose of regulating the price, but they have 

 been only temporarily successful. A "white lead 

 trust" has recently been formed which embraces a 

 majority of the corroding works in the country. The 

 product of the American works compares favorably 

 with that of the foreign. In former years adulteration 

 was almost universal ; later the manufacturers produced 



there is good promise of keeping up a full supply in several grades with varying proportions of barytes, 

 the lakes by this means. but now nearly all the corroders sell the pure pigment 



Many other fish are known as whitefish in certain only, leaving the adulteration to others. The relia- 



localities. This title has been given to the bluefish. 

 the menhaden, the tile fish, and the silver salmon, and 

 in Europe is applied to the numerous species of the 

 genus Leitcixciut, a genus which includes the roach, 

 the chub, the dace, the smelt, the minnow, and other 



fish of well-known common names. 



(c. M.) 



WHITKHOUSK. FREDERICK COPE, son of Bishop 



bility of the American brands has become so well 

 known that white lead of foreign manufacture is 

 being imported in yearly decreasing quantities. In 

 1871 the imports of white lead, mostly of English 

 manufacture, reached a total of over 8,300,000 ibs., 

 since which there has been a decline in the imports 

 until for the past few years they have not averaged 



H. J. Whitehotise (1803-1874), of the Episcopal Dio- ! above 1,000,000 Ibs. 

 cese of Illinois, was graduated with honor from Colutn- The average price of white lead in 1850 was 7 cents 

 bia College in 1861. Possessed of abundant means, he per Ib. During the late war, in common with all 

 has devoted his life to explorations in many fields of other manufactures, the price advanced rapidly, 

 learning ami has especially distinguished himself by reaching the highest point in July, 18C4, when 21 

 his examination of Egyptian problems, chief of which cents was paid in the New York market. In 18G5 

 is the siting of Lake Moeris. He has by personal j the highest price was 18 cents and the lowest price 

 and repeated visits and surveys .assured himself of the lii cents per Ib. Not until 1870 did the price go 

 identity of the Fayoiim, including the deep depression below 10 cents, and the average price remained under 

 of Raiyan, with the ancient lake and has suggested to j 10 cents only 3 years. In 1873 the average price was 

 the Egyptian government the expedient of :u r a in over 10 cents, as also during the succeeding 3 years, 

 filling this region with the Nile through the Bahr In 1 ST'.I the average price had dropped to 9j cents per 

 Ytisef and thus greatlv enriching the land. His view Ib.. since which year there have been only moderate 



sustains the truth of Herodotus, and. although many 

 regard it as visionary, it has excited the interest of 

 Egyptologists and the government of Egypt and has 



man 

 V 



supporters. 



LEAD. 



In the latter part of the last 

 century the first white lead manufactory was (stab- 



fluctuations, with the average price gradually declining 

 until fl cents was reached, from which the variations 

 have not been important, although the lowest price 

 reached was 5i cents in 1887. 



Most of the red lead now manufactured in this 

 country, owing to the exacting requirements of manu- 



lished in the city of Philadelphia, and the success of j facturcrs of glass, is made from refined lead, the silver, 

 this establishment soon induced others to engage in n pper. antimony, bismuth, arsenic, and other foreign 

 the business of corroding lead for the production of metals being removed, so that the oxide produced isin 

 the pigment. The growth of this industry was rapid, a state of purity not equalled by the older processes, 

 and early in the present century corroding works were . There is also considerable red lead of the very beet 

 established in the. cities of 1'ittsburg and New York, quality made from the '"scraps" produced in the pro- 

 iu the former of which the manufacture of red lead cess of corroding white lead. Tnese scraps are the 

 was one of the principal articles produced. The hard lumps of the imperfectly corroded white lead, and 

 quality of the pigment produced by these pioneers in arc simply oxidized in a reverberatory furnace. As 

 the business was eoual to the imported and the con- the lead used in the manufacture of white lead must 

 sumption of the home product increased rapidly. | be quite pure, the red lead made from these iniper- 

 The process employed by these corroders was what is feetly corroded scraps is also very pure and particularly 

 known as the old " Dutch process," and it was not well adapted for glass-making. No estimate of the 

 until later years that new processes were employed, amount of red lead produced in the United States 

 but the product of these have never met with popular can be given, as the manufacturers decline to state 

 favor, although the price of what was known as " new their output. The imports during the year 1875 ex- 

 process " and " patent process " white lead was lower . cceded 1 .000.000 Ibs., but since then there has been a 

 than the lead made by the older method. At the gradual decline, the amount of late years averaging 

 present time there are thirty-six corroding works in about 250,000 Ibs. The price varies with the price of 



1 t T..:*., 1 C3_i _ 1 *_.] __ il_ - ^'. . ..iIi-_ I __ 1- 1 1*1 . *. * 1 1 . J 



the United States, located in the States of Pennsyl- 

 vania, New York, Massachusetts. Maryland, Missouri, 

 Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, California, and Nebraska. 

 Those located in the city of Brooklyn are the largest. 

 Many of these have also added the manufacture of red 



pig lead, while competition has always prevented 

 excessive fluctuations. 



The manufacture of litharge in this country has 

 almost entirely excluded that of foreign manufacture, 

 the imports now averaging barely 50,000 Ibs. annually, 

 while in 1868 the amount imported was 250,000 Ibs. 



ipor 

 This is due to the quality of the domestic product, it 



lead and litharge, while several produce orange 

 mineral superior to the imported. 



The products of the corroding works in this country being in every respect equal to the best imported, 

 are almost exclusively from the native mineral, and whereas the latter is of higher cost to the consumer, 

 that from the Rocky Mountain district is ordinarily In the manufacture of glass litharge is not used to the 

 preferred. It is only during 'seasons of unusual high I game extent as formerly, red lead taking its place, but 

 cost of the native mineral and depressed value of j for other uses the consumption has increased, and the 

 Spanish lead that the crude mineral from the latter consumption is of steady growth. The amount pro- 

 country is imported for corroding purposes. The ; duccd is not available, as the manufacturers decline to 

 annual consumption of white lead in the United States ! give the desired statistics, although stating " capacity " 

 is about <',:>, IKK) tons and is growing rapidly, the | of their works. The price varies with the cost of pig 



' ;ad. (H. o. A.) 



WHITE PLAINS. See R EVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



WHITING, WiU.IAM (1813-1873), [awyer, was 



average annual increase being about 10 per cent. The lead, 

 capacity of the several corroding works is largely in 

 of the production, ami for this reason the com- 



petition between \\\<- corrodrrs is keen and tends to 



born at Concord. Mass., March 3, 1813. His ancestor 



Mep the price of their product so low that the busi- came to Boston in 1636, and was the first minister of 



