WINDMILLS WINLOCK. 



.783 



During the two or three succeeding years he taught the 

 natural sciences in Xew York seminaries, engaged in 

 the study of botany, and in 1849 married Miss Julia 

 Frances Lines, of Utica, X. Y. In 1850 he removed I 

 to Alabama, where for several years he had charge of j 

 institutions of learning, and continued actively his 

 natural history studies, sending a valuable collection of i 

 plants, animals, and fossils to the Smithsonian Institu- 

 tion in 1853. In the same year, on the recommenda- 

 tion of Pr >f. Louis Agassiz, he was nominated pro- 

 fessor of physics and civil engineering in the Univer- 

 sity of Michigan, and early in IS54 entered upon his 

 duties in this institution, with which he has been so 

 long connected. In 1855 he was made professor of 

 geology, zoology, and botany, which chair he continued 

 to fill until June, 1873. 



During this period he performed other labors of 

 importance. In 1859 he served as President of the 

 State Teachers' Association, and edited and published 

 the Michigan Journal of Education, and about the 

 same time benan that system of popular writing and 

 lecturing on science which he has diligently kept up 

 since. From 1859 to 1801 he occupied the position of 

 State geologist of Michigan, and again from ISii'.) to 

 1871. acting also as director of the geological survey 

 of Minnesota in 1870. The results of his labors in 

 this liel 1 of duty were embodied in several volumes of 

 reports of the survevs. They include Tiie Gram/ 

 Trment Region of Mich loan ; a Geological Map of \ 

 Michit/'in ; an danO///ViV// fifo/oi/ind Siiriet/of^hr. Suit 

 Jjnnth of Minnesota, with numerous papers in scien- 

 tific joiirn ds. His study of the zoological and palae- 

 ontofogical material collected during the survey yielded 

 seven new genera and 304 new species of animals, 

 mostly fossil. During this period also he filled from 

 ]st',r, 'to 1869 a chair in the Kentucky University 

 similar to that occupied in the University of Michigan. 



In 1872 he accepted the position of chancellor of 

 Syracuse University, X. Y. , but resigned in 1874, and 

 during several successive years held the chair of 

 geology and zoology in that institution, while lectur- 

 ing on the same subject at Vanderbilt University, 

 Tenn. In 1879 he was recalled to the University of 

 Michigan and assumed the chair of geology and pa- 

 hcontology, which he still holds. 



While thus actively engaged as a geologist and edu- 

 cator. Prof. Winched has lx;en an industrious writer, 

 and, in addition to the works named, has produced a 

 cou-i lerable number of works of popular science. 

 His first production of this kind was Sketches of Crea- 

 tion (l*7i >). About the same time appeared a work 

 on Thf <!> Hi'ii/iii/i/ i'f //; ]\'incltrll Fain Hi/ in Aini'iii-ii. 

 Liter works comprise Geolom/ of the Stars (1872); 

 T.i'' />>,-'rine of Evolution (1874): Reconciliation of 

 Srintre and Religion (1877); 1'reailaniilrs (ISSO); 

 from a <ii'olo;/lfi'x llmninei- ( I SSI) ; Wond 



Geological llmn-nion* ( I ss4) ; Geological 

 Html"-* (1880). and Shall ice Tmch Geologi/ f (1889V 

 In ad 1'Mo'i to the foregoinir. H'//,-.< mid Talks in. the 

 'i-d t'iihl (|s>(r,) was written for the " Chau- 

 Literary and Scientific Circle." 

 Within recent years Prof. Winchell has been en- 

 fM.' <<! on L'eological work under the auspices of the 

 U. S. Geological Survey, and in the summers of 1886 

 and 1887 served on the Minnesota Geological Survey 

 in the region north of Lake Superior, publishing ex- 

 tended reports of each year's explorations. In 1888 

 M chairman of a committee to organize the' 

 Ameri'vin Geological Society, and became vice-presi- 

 dent of the society when organized. Early in 1888, 

 he, with six others, established the American Geolo- 

 (//.< to whose pages he has since been an active con- 

 tributor. In I8(i7 he received the degree of Doctor 

 of Laws from the Wcsleyan University. He has 

 been a member of the American Ai-sociation lor the 

 AdYBlKement of Science since 1850, and is a corre- 

 ftpondinc or honorary member of most of the scientific 

 societies in the United States and of many in Europe. 



Prof. Winchell occupies a high rank among Ameri- 

 can scientists. His long continued services as an edu- 

 cator in advanced institutions of learning, his labors in 

 the field as a practical geologist, the valuable reports 

 in which his geological observations are embodied, the 

 collections he has made and the new genera and 

 species described, and his many works devoted to the 

 popularization of Silence, constitute a vast amount of 

 important labors, indicative of unusual industry in the 

 field of scientific study. His works of popular science 

 are written in a clear and interesting manner which 

 goes far to explain their popularity, while at the same 

 time they are of a fulness and accuracy and possess an 

 abundant reference to authorities which are indicative 

 of the carefulness and very wide reading of the author, 

 and make them of value to learned as well as un- 

 learned readers. He is a Christian scientist. While 

 a believer in the theory of evolution, he does not con- 

 sider that this is irreconcilable with the teachings of 

 Christianity. He has done important work in the di- 

 rection of harmonizing the doctrines of religion and 

 science. Prof. Winchell contributed to this work the 

 article on DARWINISM. (c. M.) 



WIN 1 >M I U.S. See AGRICULTURE, Chap. III. 



WIXEBRKXXER, JOHN. See CHURCH OF GOD. 



WIXES. ENOCH COBB (I80C-1879), prison reformer, 

 was born at Hanover, N. J., Feb. 17, 1806. After 

 graduating at Middle-bury College, Vt, 1827, and 

 teaching for two years in Vermont, Virginia, and 

 Washington, he was attached to the U. S. ship Con- 

 stitution, 1829-31, and described the Mediterranean 

 and other experiences in Tiro Years and a Jln/f in the 

 American Nary, 1832. He taught in a Princeton 

 school, 1833-38, in the Philadelphia high-school, 

 ls>-44, and at Burlington, N. J., 1844-48. After 

 entering the Congregational ministry 1849 and holding 

 charges in Vermont and Long Island, he was appointed 

 classical professor in Washington College, Pa., 1853, 

 and was president of the City University of St. Louis, 

 1859. His specialty was not discovered till 1802, when 

 he became secretary of the New York Prison Associa- 

 tion, and gave himself to its line of work. In 1870 he 

 was transferred to a similar position in the National 

 Prison Association, then organized at Cincinnati, 

 chiefly by his means. In 1871 he was sent to Europe 

 by the U. S. government to bring about an interna- 

 tional penitentiary congress. At its meeting in Lon- 

 don, July 4. 1872, twenty-six countries were repre- 

 sented, and Wines was made chairman of a permanent 

 international committee, which after several meetings 

 called together a second congress at Stock holm in 1877. 

 Of this he was as before the directing aad inspiring 

 mind. His work in these later years is shown by his 

 various reports, and in The Strife, Prisons and C/n'td- 

 xariiii/ fiixtitiitiong through/nit the World (1880), which 

 he did not live to see in print. Of his earlier books 

 the more notable are lime shall I Gnvtrn Mil School f 

 (1838) and Commentaries on the Laws of the Ancient 

 Hebrew* (1853) ; the latter received much praise. He 

 died at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 10, 1879. His work 

 in gathering the statistics of prisons, etc., has been 

 carried on by his son, F. H. Wines. 



WIXLOCK, JOSEPH (182C-1875), astronomer and 

 mathematician, was born in Shelby county, Ky., 

 Feb. 6, 1826. and died suddenly in Cambridge, Mass., 

 June 11, 1875. His father, Fielding AVinlock, was a 

 lawyer, and his grandfather, Gen. Joseph Winlock, a 

 Virginian by birth, was one of the early settlers of 

 Kentucky, and for some years a member of the State 

 Senate. The latter having joined the American army 

 at the outbreak of the Revolutionary war, when he 

 was only eighteen years old, was promoted to the rank 

 of ensign, lieutenant, and captain, and in the war of 

 1812 held the commission of brigadier-general. His 

 grandson was graduated with distinction from Shelby 

 College in 1845, and was immediately appointed pro- 

 lessor of mathematics and astronomy in that institu- 

 tion. He held this position till 1852, when he went to 



