784 



W I NSOR-WITI I F.KS POOX. 



Cambridge to take part in the computations fur the 

 lifwly established Ainiri'i-iin A'/</n vmri'.v UK, I \niitirnl 

 AlinniKif. and remained in thi? .-crviev till IV,,,, wl:cn 

 he was apjiointcd professor of mathematics: in tln> I . 

 S. Navy. He ITS* first SSMgaed to duty at tl>. 

 Observatory in Washington, lnil in SeptemU'r. IS'.i,, 

 was placed in charge of tin 1 .\nuli,:!/ Aliiiniuit- ollie-e. 



in ('.null! idge. In 1859 be was ordered to the Naval 

 Academy, Annapolis, as head of tin- department uf 

 mathematics. At the niitlirrak of tin- war in IM', I lir 

 was again appointed superintendent of the .Y<if.<v/ 

 AlmaiHic and held this post till he resigned from the 

 navy in Ise.i; to aivept the position of Phillips profes- 

 sor of astronomy in Harvard College and director of 

 the obscrvateiry. I'p to this time his work had been 

 almost entirely in theoretical astronomy and in class 

 instruction, but upon assuming the directorship of the 



observatory, he devoted himself to practical astnn iy . 



to the improvcnieiit of the in.-trumcntal c<|iiipineiit of 

 the observatory, and to the establishment of its tinie- 

 servic* upon a very effective and simple tilan. In the 

 new meridian circle mounted at the observatory in 

 INTO, he introduced a number of modification which 

 have been generally adopted in the large meriilian 

 circles constructed since that time. In ISti'.t Prof. 

 A\ inloek was chief of the party organized under the 

 1'. S. Coast Survey (of which he was consulting as- 

 tronomer), for observing the eclipse of the sun of Aug. 

 7, and he was here the first to obtain a direct photo- 

 graph of the corona. In 1870 he had charge of a 

 similar party to observe the solar eclipse of ]W. .i_' at 

 Xcrez de la Frontera in Sjiain, numbering among his 

 colleagues Profs. Young. I^inglcy, and Pickering. 

 While preparing for this M-i-ond eclipse IK- devised 

 the form of " rihotoheliograph '' (sec Ti ,i.i::-i on:) 

 iiM-d by the American parties in observing the transits 

 of Venus in 1S74 and 1SS1>. In August, 1874, he was 

 appointed by Pros. Grant chief of the commission 

 established by act of Congress lor the purpose of in- 

 quiring into the causes of steam boiler explosions, and 

 his preparations for preliminary experiments were 

 nearly completed at the time of his death. 



Preifessor Winlock wrote but little. His published 

 work is found chiefly in the Annuls of tin- /l.irrnni 

 Observatory and among the official publications of the 

 Almanac office ami the eclipse Hipm-lx nf /In I'mi^t 

 Surrry. He was a Fellow ol the American Association 

 for the Advancement of Science and of the American 

 Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the 

 Astronomische Gescllschalt, and a corporate member 

 t>f the National Academy of Sciences. (\v. C. \V. ) 



WINS< 111. JrsiiN. librarian, was born in Ho.-toii. 

 Jati. '2, IS.'! I, anil received his education at Harvard 

 mnl Heidelberg. He was superinlciielent of the P.o^ton 

 Public Library during |si'>>-77, and then became 

 librarian of tfie Harvard I'niver.-ity Library. From 

 l*7d te> l vl r. he was president uf the American Library 

 Association, licing the lirst to hold that office. Widely 

 known as a librarian, he has also gained an enviable 

 position a.s an author. His writings include //i.if,,n/ 

 of Diulmiy. M,ir*. (fsl'.i); /.',,/, /,,' //;/ Booknf 

 the Awi'-'in HiToliitinn, ITT, is:; (Boston, Isso) : 

 Wim Shnkftpriirc S^oplefffhf (Boston, ]ss7); and 

 various pamphlets mi historieal subjects. lie has also 

 edited the Mmariul Hia/nri/ of /lux/mi (t Vols . ISSd- 

 81). the valuable' \tirrntiri- nn<l Crit!<;il Ili'atm-i/ </ 



the //iii-nii-il Ciu'i-n-siti/ /-iii//,:!!! l-ince ],- , 

 Hi/i/iiiifi-n/^iinil t'niili-iliiiliinix. for which he has hini- 

 s.H' limiished several Miliublc bililioj:raphic.s of 

 Ptolemy's Geography. .T. ( ). llalliwell Phillips, etc. ; 

 and the Krmnl nf the QommanarntioH ">-S .\iii- . 1 

 nil lli< i;.".(i//i Aixiirmnrji of tlir /'itiiiitJinrj of flnrniril 

 l',,//r,,e (Canibridge. IssT). He received the degree 

 of LI.. I>. from the University of Michigan. 



(r. L. w.) 



WIltK. Sec r.ni.t.iNi; MII.IS. 



WISH. Hr.Nuy AI.KXAMU.R (I806-l&7o). Gover- 

 nor of Virginia, waa born at Druuiuiondtown, \'a., 



Dec. 3, isor,. He pniduated at Washington College, 

 Pa.. IM'.'I. was admittid to the bar in I'L'^, and atlir 

 a year or two ot practice at Na-h \ille. returned to \ ir- 

 ginia in Is.'jo. In the national l>ciniK-ratic convention 



of 1832 be supported the uooiiimtiou of Jackaon, but 



opposed that of \ an Iliiren. Steerini; a middle course, 

 he approved neither the doctrines ol iiiillilication nor 

 the Bteru repression of U>etti by the government. In 

 < 'oMLTe-s. 1^:;:;- II. he wmi considciaMc reputation a.i 

 a speaker, opposed .la.-kson's removal of the deposits, 

 favored Clay's iiomination in Isln. ; nnl urged that of 



'IVler as \ 'ice President. After T\l<r's ;\<-- essioll to 

 II,. Pii -sidclK-v. Wise was one of his chief frier 

 counsellors. Named in |N-J:J as minister to France, 

 but not confirmed by the Senate, be v ;i> appointed to 



Brasilia 1.^44. and remained there time yeats. He 

 was a member of the X'irginia Coiisliiinional Coin en- 

 timi of l.s'iii. in is;V) he was an Anti-Know-Notbing 

 candidate lor (iovernor, and w:. His four 



years in this office. 1856 >'. cover a period ol 

 hi>iorical importance. In September. ISO, he called 

 upon the governors of other Southern Stnti s to mei t 

 in ( Ictober for consullation as to the steps to be taken 

 in the event of Fremont's election. In 1N.OS, as a 

 Douglas Democrat, he sketched and attacked, in a 

 letter to W. Sargent, the scheme of the disunioniM in- 

 trigues, as carried out two years later. In February, 

 IM'I|. he timed pacific measures of compromise ; these 

 tailing, he soon went \\ith his State. ITs career as a 

 Confederate brigadier was a sunTs^ioii of dis 

 ending with the capture of his forces ami the death of 

 a sun at IJoaiioke Island. Feb. 7. 1 M ',_'. His later ycais 

 were spent in the practice of law at Richmond. He 

 died Sept. ll>. 1876, 



\V IT II i:i!SP( )( )X. .ToiiN (17'J'J-17!M), president of 

 Princeton College and signer of the Declaration of In- 

 dependence, was the son of a Scotch minister at \ 

 near Edinburgh, and descended on his mother's side 

 troin .John Knox. whose vigor. Knaeity. and eoin- 

 bativencss he in sonic degree inherited. Horn Feb. 

 ."i. I7l!l!. he was educated at the University of Kdin- 

 burgh. licensed to preach in 174:;. and ordained minis- 

 ter of IJeith 174."). 'flu- next year he witnessed the 

 battle- of Falkirk. was arrested with ollur .-peclaters 

 by the victors, and imprisoned in llonne Castle. His 

 earliest ,.nnors were won in the controversies of the 

 time, wherein he warmly e-poused the stricter side 

 against Robertson and the Moderates. His lirst book, 

 Ecclesiastical Characterittiei (I7.'i.'i), an anonymous 

 satire, made much stir, and was followed by a ." 

 A/xilr/</. which bore his name. An A'wi_i/ mi ,ln^ij\- 

 cit/itui (I7."ii'i) retains lame among treatises of ll 

 Calvinistic order. Ai. Im/iiii-i/ into f/if Xnliin mill 

 Ejftctx nf tin S/iii/r (K"i7) was aimed at Home nnd 

 his trasredy of Duiii/lux : the- guilty author soon left 

 the ministry. The' Moderate (action in Pns-byliry 

 Opposed Witberspoon'il preferment to the Ixiw Church 

 at Paisley, but lie was installed in January. I7. r i7. nnd 

 shortly became moilcrator of the' Synod of Glasgow 

 and Ayr. Here he was prosecuted and lined for pi. ae-h- 

 ing against certain sinners by nam< . His literary 

 career, arrested fora time, was resumed by the i ub- 

 lieation in London of his / Mils.. 17f,.(). He 



now received the deirree of I>. I>. troin Abcnhcn, and 

 invitations from Jublin, I>und<c. and Rotterdam, 

 'I'licM' he' de-clincd. as also a first call in November, 1 >,(, 

 from the College 1 ol New Jersey (y. r.). but when this 

 call was re'iie weil he baeic farewell to Sceitlatid in the 

 spring of 17dX in a volume of J'-<n-ti<-<il /',-. /u-x/*. 

 lie was inaugurated as presiih'tit at Princeton Ceillege 

 Aug. 17. and began an active and fruitful adminis- 

 tration, introducing lecture's then a new experiment 

 in American colle'ges and the study eif French and 

 Hebrew. The lulle'r he taught, himself. ; 

 vinily. moral philosophy, anel rhetoric : in aeldit'on to 

 all this he w.-is pastor ami preacher to I he town Tluso 



jabors did not prevent his travelling in New Kng'.and 

 in search of funds, and seeking them in Virginia and 



