CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 



I. LIVING SUBSTANCE 1 



Living and Non-living 2 



Life and Death. Elemental Death .... 4 



Chemistry of Protoplasm 8 



Proteins, Fats, and Carbohydrates .... 10 



Physical Structure of Protoplasm* ..... 14 

 Organization of Protoplasm . ' . . . . .17 



The Cell 18 



II. THE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANISM ... 26 

 Cellular and Non-cellular Organization .... 26 

 Functions of a Free Cell . . . . .28 

 Locomotion, Ingestion, Digestion, Egestion, Assim- 

 ilation, Irritability, Reproduction ... 29 

 Specialization in Locomotor Organs .... 32 

 Specialization in Conducting Organs .... 39 

 Secretion ......... 41 



Specialization in Digestion 42 



Summary 45 



Specialization and Differentiation .... 45 

 Tissues, Organs, Systems . . . . .46 



Homology and Analogy ...... 47 



III. METABOLISM 48 



Oxidation 48 



Conservation of Energy ...... 50 



Chemical Synthesis in the Organism .... 52 



Photosynthesis ....... 54 



Production of Fats and Proteins . . .55 



Dissimilation 56 



Metabolism in Animals ....... 57 



Foods in General . . . . . . . . 1 60 



xi 



