ANATOMY. 



Those which transmit blood vessels 

 are ; 1, canales caroctici : 2, f. spinosa : 

 3, f. lacera in basi cranii : 4, f. magnum. 



Rnnrs oj tin- fticf The ossa nasi con- 

 stitute the arch of the nose. The ossa 

 lacrymalia or unguisare placed at the fore- 

 part of the inner edge of the orbits, and 

 contain an excavation which holds the 

 lacrymal bag. 



The ossa malarum form the prominen- 

 ces of the cheeks. 



The ossa roaxillaria superiors form the 

 largest portion of the upper jaw, and most 

 of the bony palate, or roof of the mouth; 

 they contain also the upper teeth. 



The ossa palati form the back part of 

 fhe bony palate. 



The ossa turbinata inferioraare situat- 

 ed in the cavity of the nose. 



The former completes, with the nasal 

 portion of the ethmoid, the septum that 

 divides the two nostrils. 



The maxilla inferior is articulated to 

 the basis cranii, and holds the lower teeth. 



The bones of the cranium and face 

 compose the two orbits, or pyramidal bo- 

 ny cavities, holding the organs of vision ; 

 to each of these, seven bones contribute. 

 They also form the cavity of the nose, 

 which is very extensive, and includes 

 portions of nearly all the bones of the 

 face, and some of the skull. It has va- 

 rious cells, formed in the bones of the 

 skull and face, opening into it. 



Thf teeth. Those organs are composed 

 internally of a very hard bony substance ; 

 and are covered externally by a still hard- 

 er mutter, called the cortex or enamel. 

 Each tooth has a body or crowu, which 

 is the part seen in the mouth ; a neck, 

 round which the gum adheres ; and one 

 or more fangs or roots, which arc sunk in 

 a process of the jaw, called the alveolar. 

 These bodies are not formed in a nidus 

 of cartilage, like bones, but on a soft 

 vascular body, called a pnlp, which may 

 be compared tothc core, on which ahorn 

 is formed. This is surrounded by a deli- 

 cate membrane, culled the capsule of the 

 tooth. When the teeth arc being formed, 

 these pulps and capsu! s, with the rudi- 

 ments of the teeth, are lodged in cavities 

 hollowed out of the jaw bone. Thev a/- 

 tcrwards rise, and, piercing the gum, ap- 

 pear in the mouth. 



Teeth difl'er from other bones in pos- 

 sessing no vessels nor nerves in their sub- 

 stance. As they are. destined for the 

 merely mechanical function of triturating 

 the food, such parts would not have he-en 

 suitable to this office. The pain of tooth- 

 ach arises from a nerve, whicli, with a 



vessel, resides in a hollow, formed in the 

 centre of the fang and body of each tooth. 

 These parts arc exposed by the decaj. 

 The teeth, in consequence of pos^ 

 !s, are only aficctcd by cl. 

 and mechanical causes. They do not 

 repair the effects of trituration, nor of 

 accidental injury; nor do they sufi'erfrom 

 any of the diseases which affect other 

 bones. 



There are two sets of teeth ; the first 

 are fewer in number, and smaller in size ; 

 as they fall out at a certain age, to make 

 room for other larger ones, they are call- 

 ed deciduous or temporary. The second 

 set lasts throughout life, and are called 

 the adult or permanent set. 



The latter consists of 52 teeth ; 16 in 

 each jaw. There are four incisores or 

 cutting teeth in front ; 2 canini or cuspi- 

 dati, or dog teeth, placed one on each 

 side of the former; 4 bicuspides behind, 

 the last; and 6 molares behind these. 

 From the late period at which the Ir.^t 

 molaris appears, it is called the dens sa- 

 pientiac, or wise tooth. 



The temporary set consists of twenty 

 teeth ; ten in each jaw. There are 4 in- 

 cisores ; 2 cuspidati ; and 4 molares. 



The permanent teeth are lodged at 

 first in cavities of the jaw, near the roots 

 of the temporary ones; and, as tin 

 are shed, rise up to supply their places. 



The bone of the tongue is called os 

 hyoidi-s, from its very accurate resem- 

 blance to the Greek v. Itconsistsofabodv, 

 two cornua, and two appendices, whicn 

 are in fact so many separate bits of bone. 



The bones of the trunk consist of those 

 of the spine, thorax, and pelvis. 



'1 he spine consists of twenty-four true 

 or moveable vertebra: ; an os sacrum, ami 

 an os coccygis (which indeed is compri- 

 sed of four Y>i<-'ccs) ; tluse last bones, 

 bearing considerable resemblance to the 

 vertc-brx, are called sometimes the false 

 vertebra:. 



Kach vertebra has a body, which i* 

 situated anteriorly, and consists of a c\ - 

 lindrical piece <>t" bone-, a perforation be- 

 hind this, in which the spinal marrow 

 runs ; two superior and two inferior arti- 

 culating processes, by which it is joined 

 to the bone immediately ;i',<>\ e and below 

 it ; tw o trap . .iiid one spi- 



nous process, which, projecting behind, 

 forms a sharp ridge, from \\ i/.ch the nam- 

 of spine has been applied to the whole 

 column. 



The vertebra are divided into three 



rding to tli ;i : the 



upper one" al : n 



