AND 



AND 



covered by Bournon in a primitive grani- 

 tic mountain in Forez. Colour flesh red, 

 sometimes approaching 1 to rose red. Mas- 

 sive, and crystallized in rectangular four- 

 sided prisms. Specific gravity 3.16. In- 

 fusible by the blow-pipe without addition. 

 It is distinguished from felspar by its great 

 hardness, and higher specific gravity, and 

 from corundum, by its inferior specific 

 gravity and its form. It is now found in 

 Sie primitive mountains in Spain and 

 France, with quartz and mica, and some- 

 times in a mica state at Braunsdorf, near 

 Freyberg in Saxony. 



ANDRACHNE, in botany, a genus of 

 the Monoccia Gynandria class of plants ; 

 the corolla of the male flower is formed of 

 five emarginated slender petals, shorter 

 than the cup ; the female flower has no 

 corolla ; the fruit is a capsule containing 

 three cells, with two obtuse trigonal 

 seeds, roundish on one side, and angular 

 on the other. There are three species. 



ANDHJEA, in botany, a genus of the 

 Cryptogamia Musci class and order. Es- 

 sen, char, capsule very short, turbinate : 

 fringe simple, of four incurved concave 

 teeth, united at their tips, and bearing the 

 lid and veil. There are two species. 



ANDROIDES, in mechanics, an auto- 

 maton, in the figure of a man, which, by 

 virtue of certain springs, &c. duly con- 

 trived, walks and performs other external 

 functions of a man. Albertus Magnus is 

 recorded as having made a famous an- 

 droides, which is said not only to have 

 moved, but to have spoken. Thomas 

 Aquinas is said to have been so frightened 

 when he saw this head, that he broke it 

 to pieces ; upon which Albert exclaimed, 

 " Periit opus triginta annorum." Artificial 

 puppets, which, by internal springs, run 

 upon a table, and, as they advance, move 

 their heads, eyes, or hands, were common 

 among the Greeks, and from thence they 

 were brought to the Romans. Figures, 

 *^ puppets, which appear to move of 

 themselves, were formerly employed to 

 work miracles ; but this use is now super- 

 seded, and they serve only to display in- 

 genuity, and to answer the purposes of 

 amusement. One of the most celebrated 

 figures of this kind was constructed and 

 exhibited at Paris, in 1738; and a particu- 

 lar account of it was published in the Me- 

 moirs ol the Academy for that year. This 

 figure represents a flute-player, which 

 was capable of performing various pieces 

 of music, by wind issuing from its mouth 

 into a German flute, the holes of which it 

 opened and shut with hs fingers : it was 

 about 5 feet high, placed upon a square 

 pedestal 4^ feet high, and 34 broad. The 



air entered the body by three separate 

 pipes, into which it was conveyed by nine 

 pairs of bellows, that expanded and con- 

 tracted, in regular succession, by means* 

 of an axis of steel turned by clock-work. 

 These bellows performed their functions 

 without any noise, which might have dis- 

 covered the manner by which the air was 

 conveyed to the machine. 



The three tubes which received the air 

 from the bellows passed into three small 

 reservoirs in the trunk of the figure. Here 

 they united, and ascending towards the 

 throat, formed the cavity of the mouth, 

 which terminated in two small lips, adapt- 

 ed in some measure to perform their pro- 

 per functions. Within this cavity was a 

 small moveable tongue, which, by its mo- 

 tion at proper intervals, admitted the air, 

 or intercepted it in its passage to the flute. 

 The fingers, lips, and tongue, derived 

 their proper movements from a steel cy- 

 linder, turned by clock-work. This was 

 divided into fifteen equal parts, which, by 

 means of pegs pressing upon the ends o'f 

 fifteen different levers, caused the other 

 extremities to ascend. Seven of these 

 levers directed the fingers, having wires 

 and chains fixed to their ascending extre- 

 mities, which, being attached to the fin- 

 gers, made them to ascend, in proportion 

 as the other extremity was pressed down 

 by the motion of the cylinder, and vice 

 versa; then the ascent or descent of one 

 end of a lever produced a similar ascent 

 or descent in the corresponding fingers, 

 by which one of the holes of the flute was 

 occasionally opened or stopped, as it 

 might have been by a living performer 

 Three of the levers served to regulate the 

 ingress of the air, being so contrived as to 

 open and shut, by means of valves, the 

 three reservoirs above mentioned, so that 

 more or less strength might be given, and 

 a higher or lower note produced, as oc- 

 casion required. The lips were, by a si- 

 milar mechanism, directed by four levers, 

 one of which opened them to give the air 

 a f Veerpassage, the other contracted them, 

 the tliird drew them backward, and the 

 fourth pushed them forward. The lips 

 were projected upon that part of the flute 

 which receives the air, and, by the differ- 

 ent motions already mentioned, modified 

 the tune in a proper manner. The re- 

 maining lever was employed in the direc- 

 tion of tlie tongue, which it easily moves, 

 so as to shut or open the mouth of the 

 flute. The just succession of the several 

 motions, performed by the various parts 

 of this machine, was regulated by the fol- 

 lowing simple contrivance. The extremi- 

 ty of the axis of the cylinder terminated 



