ARCHITECTURE. 



,!imi user those whom they conquered; 



and for tills purpose also it ma\ l>i- eni- 

 plovcd in modern structures, \ celebrate 

 the ach'n Venn n'.s of conquerors and vir- 

 tues of 



I'lUM IHLi:S Of Hl'ILIIIN'., 



Are those parts of geometry, mechanics, 

 mensuration, and chemist r\, which shew 

 how to de-sign and construct tin- parts of 

 a building, so as to be the most durable, 

 tin- destination, situation, and other fixed 

 data of the intended structure, being 

 known. These parts of the sciences are 

 the foundation of the art of construction. 



''instruction may in general he divided 

 into two parts, the science of masonry, 

 and that of carpentry : though thnv an- 

 other branches, asslatery, plumber) &.C. 

 sometimes also employed as constituent 

 pans; but these may be considered as ra- 

 ther adventitious. 



The science of masonry shews how to 

 construct walls and vaults. A wall should 

 be built so ast<> resist a given force, either 

 acting uniformly over the whole, or par- 

 tially upon the suri'ace : such as to resist 

 the pressure of vaults or roofs unrestrain- 

 ed from the want of tie beams, acting 

 along one continued butmeiit, as in plain 

 vaulting; or to resist different forces, act- 

 ing at intermitted points. as in groin vault- 

 ing ; or to resist the force of the wind, 

 acting uniformly over the whole surface. 

 An arch should be so constructed as to 

 balance itself equally on all parts of the 

 in'r.tdos, whether it be of uniform thick- 

 ness, or to support a given load. 



The science of carpentry comprehends 

 the si/ing, cutting, deposition, and join- 

 ing of timbers. By chcimsm we arc en- 

 abled to judge of the quality of materials, 

 such as slone, mortar, wood, iron, slate, 

 lead, &c. 



Taste. Taste consists in introducing 

 such forms in the construction and em- 

 bellishments, as appear agreeable to the 

 eye of the beholder The arrangement 

 of the plan, figure of moms, and contour 

 of the whole Building, and character, a* 

 to its destined purpose, depend much on 

 taste. 



Inr.cntiim. Invention is the art of com- 

 bining or arrang'iig the various apart- 

 ments in the most convenient order. 



Basements. A basement is the lower 

 story of a building on which an order is 

 pluccd; its height \\illthcrcforc be varia- 

 ble, according as it is the cellar story or 

 the ground story; or. when it is the 

 grouu rre are prin- 



cipal rooms in both stones, or only in one 



of them. Hisproper. i make 



tin next sti"- i 



more pnneiji.i 



lion than the bods to be si ppor' 

 lar story is the 



the height does Hot < 



feet at the most, it may be plain, .,r with 



. or formed into a continue. I ; 

 tal; but if t'tc basement is on ttu ground 

 story, the usual manner' -ig it is 



with rustics supported on a base, and sur- 

 mounted with a crowning string-course 

 the bas' ,,-r be a p':ii 



w.tb mouldings over it: in like n 

 the string-course ma\ either be a plat- 

 band, or with mouldings under it ; or it 

 may form a corn ce. The rustics are either 

 made of a rectangular or triangul 

 tion, by imagining on 



- c!,ons to be a 1,1. 



across the front of the joint, 

 of 'he rustics may be from an eiglitn to a 

 tenth part of their height. The depth of 

 the joint of the triangular mstic i 

 half of its bread' h, that is, making 

 planes by which it is formed a right an- 

 gle, and the depth of the rectangular SfC- 

 tioned rustics from one-fourth 

 of their breadth. The ancients always 

 marked both directions of the j<. 

 the rustics ; whereas the mo. 

 ly employ the ancit nt manner, but the) 

 sometimes make them with horizontal 

 June. Those with hori/ontal joints 

 represent rather a hoarded surface tlup 

 that of as one u all, which must h:. 

 directions of joints. The height ot the 

 string-course s'.ould not exceed the 

 height of a rustic with its joint : the 

 plinth, or xocholo, oMghl n 

 than the IK i_;i>' of t 

 When the basement is per 

 arcades, the imposts of the an lies ma\ be 

 a platband, which ma\ l>e equal 



..f u rus ic, ex. lusi\, . 

 \\lu-n the string-coursi e, th<- 



h:Lse ma\ be moulded, and ti. 

 of the cornice ma\ be tw o 

 he'ght ; SO 8 to i 



that which fiiii.s!. "'"ig. The 



height of tli. a!x>iit one- 



eightcenth part of the h . bane- 



ment. and that of the base a!- 

 much, divided into six parts, of \i Inch 'he 

 lower five-sixths form tin plinth, and the 

 upper sixth the mouldings. 



7VfAv./n/J5. A |iedestal is a part ol 

 buildings, with abase. : with 



uigiilar prismat . d the 



die, alld th. 



corn: orting a colon;* 



pilastraih-, or sometimes for supporting 



