ARCHITECTURE. 



much higher than the double square. 

 The width of all the windows must be 

 the same in the same facade ; but the 

 different heights of the stories will require 

 different heights of windows. Were it 

 required to find the quantity of light 

 for a room of given dimensions, it is 

 evident that this will depend upon the 

 area of the inlet and the cubature of 

 the room ; therefore, supposing that an 

 aperture containing 20 square feet is suf- 

 ficient for a room 12 feet square and 10 

 feet high, that is 1400 cubic feet, the 

 quantity of light will easily be ascertain- 

 ed for a room of any other given dimen- 

 sions. Let a room be supposed 25 feet 

 long, 20 feet broad, and 14 feet high, the 

 cubature will be seven thousand feet; 

 then, because the cubature of rooms 

 should be as the area of the inlets, the 

 proportion will stand thus : 



1440:7000: :20 



20 _ 



1440) 140000 (97 the area of the 

 12960 inlet required. 

 10400 

 10080 



Or, instead of working the proposition, 

 divide the cubature of the room by 72, 

 thus: 



72) 7000 (97 as before. 

 648 

 520 

 504 

 16 



This quotient, divided into three parts, 

 gives nearly 32 feet for each window, 

 which is very sufficient for light ; and af- 

 ter deducting 12 feet, the breadth of 

 three windows, 13 feet will remain for the 

 four piers, which is a very good propor- 

 tion : there is also abundant room left for 

 any kind of furnishing above the win- 

 dows. 



An odd number of windows, either in 

 the same length of front, or in the same 

 length of principal rooms, is always to be 

 preferred to an even number ; for, since 

 it is necessary to have the door in the 

 middle of the front, an even number of 

 windows would occasion a pierto be above 

 the opening of the door, contrary either 

 to regularity, or to the laws of solidity ; 

 and in rooms nothing is more gloomy 

 than a pier opposite the centre of the 

 floor. Windows placed in blank arcades 

 should have the under sides of their lin- 



tels in the same horizontal plane with the 

 springing of the arch ; or if the windows 

 have a cornice, the springing of the arch 

 ought to be carried as high as the top of 

 the'tornice. 



The aperture of the windows may be 

 from two-fifths to three-fourths of the 

 breadth of the arcade. In the principal 

 floor, the windows are generally orna- 

 mented ; the most simple kind of which 

 is, that with an architrave, surrounding 

 the jambs and lintels of the aperture, and 

 crowned with a frize and cornice. In 

 cases where the aperture is high, in order 

 to make the dressing of a good composi- 

 tion, the sides of the architrave are fre- 

 quently flanked with pilasters or consoles, 

 or with both ; and sometimes with co- 

 lumns, when there is a set-off or proper 

 base, so as not to have a false bearing. 

 When the principal rooms are in the one 

 pair of stairs, the windows of the ground 

 floor are sometimes left entirely plain, and 

 at other times they are surrounded with 

 an architrave ; or the rusticated base- 

 ment, where there is one, terminates up- 

 on their margins without any other finish. 

 The windows in the third story are fre- 

 quently plain, and sometimes surrounded 

 with an architrave. When the windows 

 in the principal story have pediments, the 

 windows of the stoiy immediately above 

 have ^frequently their surrounding archi- 

 traves crowned with a frize and cornice. 

 The sills of all the windows in the same 

 floor should be upon the same level. The 

 sills of the windows in the ground story 

 should be elevated 5 or 6 feet at the least 

 above the pavement . In the exterior of 

 every building the same kind of finish or 

 character should be preserved through- 

 out the same story. Mixtures of win- 

 dows should be avoided as much as pos- 

 sible ; or, where there is a necessity for 

 introducing Venetian windows, they ought 

 to stand by themselves as in breaks. 



Gates. A gate is an aperture in a wall, 

 which serves' for the passage of horse- 

 men and carriages. They are employed 

 as inlets to cities, fortresses, parks, gar- 

 dens, palaces, and all places to which 

 there is a frequent resort of carriages. 

 In gates which are closed at the top, the 

 apertures being always wide, are general- 

 ly made with arched heads : the usual 

 proportion of the arcade is that which has 

 its height double to its breadth, or a tri- 

 fle more. 



The usual ornaments of gates are rus- 

 tics of several kinds, such as columns, pi- 

 lasters, entablatures, pediments, attics, 

 blocking courses, imposts, archivolts, 



