DIP 



DIP 



reader will find them very well specified 

 in the " Cryptographia Denudata" of D. 

 A. Conrad, 8vo. Lug. Bat. 1739, and in 

 the latter part of Breithaupt's "Are 

 Decifratoria, sive Scientia occultas Scrip- 

 turas solvendi et legendi," Helmst. 12mo. 

 1737. 



To exercise the English scholar, we 

 here subjoin one example of plain cypher- 

 ing, in which two figures answer to each 

 letter : 39. 38, 31, 21, 35. 35, 14, 20, 18, 



21, 19, 2v>, 35, 34 20, 38, 39,19. 32, 



35, 31, 35, 18. 22, 39, 20, 38. 13, 31, 

 14, 24. 20, 38, 39, 14, 37, 19. 31, 19. 

 20, 15. 20, 38, 35. 13, 31, 14, 31, 37, 

 39, 14, 37. 15, 36. 20, 38, 35. 31, 36, 



36, 31, 39, 18. 18, 35, 17, 21, 39, 19, 39, 

 20, 35. 36, 15, 18. 24, 15, 21. 20, 15. 

 11, 14, 15, 22. 18, 35, 13, 35, 13, 32, 35, 

 18. 20,38,31,20. 15,14. 14,15. 31, 

 33, 33, 15, 21, 14, 20. 24, 15, 21. 36, 31, 

 39, 12. 20, 15. 13, 35, 35, 20. 13, 35. 

 31, 20. 14, 39, 14, 35. 20, 15, 13, 15, 

 18, 18, 15, 22. 14, 39, 37, 38, 20. 36, 15, 

 18. 22, 35. 13, 21, 19, 20. 14, 15, 20. 

 14, 15, 22. 34, 35, 12, 31, 24. 20, 38, 



35. 19, 21, 18, 16, 18, 39, 25, 35. 15, 



36. 20, 38, 35. 33, 31, 19, 20, 12, 35. 



22, 38, 35, 14. 20, 38, 39, 14, 37, 19. 

 31, 18, 35. 39, 21, 19, 20. 18, 39, 16, 

 35. 36, 15, 18. 35, 23, 35, 33, 21, 20, 

 39, 15, 14. 



By practising the foregoing rules, the 

 student will find that this method of se- 

 cret writing in plain cypher may, with as 

 much ease, if no,t as much speed, be de- 

 cyphered as written. 



In all cases, begin first to decypher 

 the single characters and shortest mono- 

 syllables ; mark down on a separate pa- 

 per any corresponding signs and letters 

 you discover, and count the different 

 characters throughout the piece, in order 

 to compare their frequency, &c. It will 

 generally, if not always, happen, that 

 the most frequent is e. 



In the whole of the preceding instruc- 

 tions it may be observed, that the suppo- 

 sitions of a single alphabet, and of the 

 spaces between the words being discover- 

 able, or the nulls few, have been made 

 throughout But it may happen that the 

 spaces may have been very artfully con- 

 cealed ; that the nulls may be, at least, 

 as many as the significant characters ; and 

 that both the one and the other, being 

 more numerous than the letters of an al- 

 phabet, may be intermixed, not only at 

 the ends, but in the body of all short 

 words, and made to recur by a system of 

 periodical change, which shall ease the 



writer of the burthen of their number, 

 and nevertheless prevent the decypherer 

 from having any considerable portion of 

 similar writing to operate upon. When 

 these and other difficulties are opposed 

 to the exercise of the rules above laid 

 down, the decypherer will have an op- 

 portunity of exercising his natural or ac- 

 quired sagacity ; and though the advan- 

 tage may be on the side of the writer, 

 yet the patience and continued trials of 

 the decypherer will, in actual business, 

 be often rewarded by discoveries, at 

 which he himself will look back with sur- 

 prise. 



DIPLOMATICS, a word derived from 

 diploma, in this instance signifying the 

 King's letters patent, for the immediate 

 expediting of an ambassador or envoy 

 to a foreign court. The art of diploma- 

 tics has been cultivated with great assidu- 

 ity by every nation in Europe for very 

 many years past, and men experienced in 

 political history, of engaging manners, 

 and possessing a considerable share of 

 duplicity, have always been selected by 

 each to practise it. The principal aim of 

 the corps diplomatique (as the French term 

 ambassadors) is, to discover the move- 

 ments and intentions of their brethren, 

 and to conceal their own ; in order to 

 accomplish this purpose, artifice, bribery, 

 deceit, and prevarication, are more fre- 

 quently necessary than open and manly 

 conduct. This art has produced changes 

 in states, surprising and calamitous, and 

 often counteracted the hostile intentions 

 of neighbouring nations ; nor was it ever 

 better understood and practised than at 

 the present moment, as the sudden friend- 

 ships, and unexpected enmities, of the 

 courts of Europe daily evince. 



DIPPING, among miners, signifies the 

 interruption, or breaking off, of the veins 

 of ore ; an accident that gives them a 

 great deal of trouble before they can dis- 

 cover the ore again. 



DIPPING needle. See MAGNETISM. 

 DIPSACUS, in botany, a genus of the 

 Tetrandria Monogynia class and order. 

 Natural order of Aggregate. Dipsaceac, 

 Jussieu. Essential character : calyx com- 

 mon, many-leaved ; proper superior; re- 

 ceptacle chaffy. There are four species ; 

 these are biennial, tall, herbaceous plants, 

 prickly, terminated by rough heads of 

 flowers ; the leaves are sometimes con- 

 nate at the base, forming a basin. D. ful- 

 lonum, cultivated teasel, is reared in 

 great quantities in the West of England, 

 for raising the nap upon woollen cloths, 

 by means of the crooked awns or chaffs 



