DYEING. 



that what remains may produce a luke- 

 warm heat with the fresh water with 

 which the copper is again filled up, and 

 then the dyeing liquor is made up as 

 above. 



For the fixing bath, five or six pails of 

 the grey bath liquor, and as much of the 

 white bath liquor, are mixed together; in 

 this the cotton is trodden down, left to 

 steep six hours, and then wrung mode- 

 rately and equally, and dried without 

 washing. 



The brightening bath is prepared by 

 dissolving carefully and completely ten 

 pounds of white soap, in sixteen or eigh- 

 teen pails of warm water : if any little 

 bits of the soap remain undissolved, they 

 will make spots in the cotton ; four pails 

 of the strong ley are added, and well 

 stirred in. In this liquor the cotton is 

 sunk, kept down with cross sticks, cov- 

 ered up, and boiled genily two hours; 

 it is then washed and dried, which com- 

 pletes the process. 



For the common madder red, Mr. Wil- 

 son advises acetite of alumen to be used 

 as the mdrdant, instead of alum. The 

 cotton in his process is galled, dried, 

 then impregnated with the acetite of 

 alumeu diluted with hot water; dried a 

 second time, maddered, washed, and dri- 

 ed again. 



The scarlet colour communicated to 

 cotton by cochineal is far from being per- 

 manent; but if it is desired, Dr. Bancroft 

 recommends the cotton to be first steep- 

 ed for half an hour in a diluted solution 

 of murio-sulphate of tin, to wring it, and 

 then plunge it into water, in which as 

 much potash has been dissolved as will 

 neutralize the acid adhering to the cotton, 

 so that the oxyde of tin may be more co- 

 piously fixed on its fibres; the stuff rin- 

 sed in water is then to be dyed with co- 

 chineal and quercitron bark, in the pro- 

 portion of four pounds of the former to 

 two of the latter. A full bright colour is 

 thus given, that will resist soap and the 

 air. 



With acetite of alumen, used as a 

 mordant, cotton dyed with cochineal 

 receives a beautiful crimson ; it will bear 

 washing and the weather for some time ; 

 but is not permanent. Dr. Bancroft 

 thinks that a small portion of cochineal 

 added, in dyeing madder reds on the 

 finer cottons, would be highly advanta- 

 geous. 



Of dyeing Wool yellow. 

 Weld is most commonly used in dyeing 



yellow. For the preparatory bath far 

 dyeing wool this colour, Hellot directs 

 four ounces of alum, and only one of 

 tartar, to be used for every pound of 

 wool. 



For the dyeing bath, the weld is boil- 

 ed inclosed in a thin linen bag, in the 

 proportion of from three to six pounds 

 for every pound of cloth ; it is kept from 

 rising by a wooden cross : some dyers add 

 a little quicklime and ashes, which heigh- 

 ten the colour, but render it less capa- 

 ble of resisting acids. Lighter shades of 

 colour may be obtained by dyeing after 

 deeper ones, adding water after each 

 dipping, and keeping the bath at a boil- 

 ing heat. These are not so lively as wheit 

 fresh baths are used with a suitable pro- 

 portion of weld. Alum renders the shade 

 paler and more lively, tartar still paler, 

 but sulphate of iron causes it to incline 

 to brown. 



Poerner recommends a similar prepa- 

 ration for this dye to that for scarlet, by 

 which the colour will be brighter, more 

 permanent, and lighter. 



Dr. Bancroft states quercitron bark to 

 be the cheapest and best. substance for 

 dyeing wool yellow. For its use the fol- 

 lowing process is directed. The bark, 

 with an equal weight, or one-third more, 

 of alum, is to be boiled for about ten 

 minutes, in a suitable proportion of wa- 

 ter ; the stuff previously scoured is then 

 immersed in the bath. The higher co- 

 lours are dyed first, and afterwards the 

 pale straw colours. The colour may be 

 considerably heightened, by passing the 

 unrinsed stuff a few times through hot 

 water, to which one pound and a half of 

 clean powdered chalk has been added 

 for every hundred pounds of stuff. 



The bark in boiling should be tied up 

 in a thin linen bag, and suspended in the 

 liquor, after having been first reduced to 

 powder. This is the cheapest and quick- 

 est process; but the colour will be fuller 

 and more permanent, if the stuff is first 

 boiled for an hour and a quarter in a bath 

 of a sixth or an eighth of its weight of 

 alum, dissolved in a proper quantity of 

 water, and be then, without being rin- 

 sed, immersed in the dyeing bath, form- 

 ed by a weight of powdered quercitron 

 bark equal to that of the alum, tied up in 

 a linen bag, in clean hot water : it is to be 

 turned through the boiling liquor in the 

 usual manner, till its colour appears suf- 

 ficient. One pound of clean powdered 

 chalk, for every hundred pounds of stuff, 

 is then to be mixed with the dyeing bath, 

 and the operation is to be continued for 



