DYEING. 



weakness of the decoction of logwood. 

 This colour bears the air tolerably well, 

 but is much inferior in permanency to 

 that which is obtained by the use of 

 madder. 



Of dyeing Wool orange. 



Orange, being a mixture of yellow and 

 red, may be communicated by the pro- 

 cesses for dyeing scarlet in which yellow 

 is used, by diminishing the proportion of 

 red, and increasing that of yellow. Wool 

 dyed red by madder, and afterwards yel- 

 low by weld, acquires a cinnamon colour, 

 for which the most proper mordant is a 

 mixture of alum and tartar. The shades 

 may be varied at pleasure by substituting 

 other yellow dye stuffs for weld, and by 

 altering the proportions as circumstances 

 may require. Wool receives a reddish 

 yellow, by being passed through the 

 madder bath after having been dyed 

 yellow. Brazil wood is sometimes em- 

 ployed with yellow substances singly, 

 or mixed with cochineal and madder, to 

 produce this colour. When, instead of 

 weld, or other yellow dyes, walnut-tree 

 root, walnut-peels, or sumach, are used, 

 snuff, chesnut, musk, and other shades 

 are obtained. 



Of dyeing Silk orange thades. 



Marones, cinnamons, and all the inter- 

 mediate shades, are given to silk, by log- 

 wood, Brazil, and fustic ; a bath is prepar- 

 ed by mixing decoctions of these three 

 woods made separately ; the proportion 

 of each is varied according to the shade 

 required, but that of fustic ought to pre- 

 vail ; the bath should be of a moderate 

 temperature ; and the silk, after being 

 Scoured and alumed in the usual man- 

 ner, is immersed in it. The silk is turn- 

 ed on the skein sticks in the bath, and 

 when taken out, if the colour be uniform, 

 it is wrung, and dipped in a second bath 

 of the three ingredients, the proportions 

 of which are regulated according to the 

 effect of the first bath, in order to obtain 

 the shade required. 



For some colours blue is united to red 

 and yellow ; it is thus olives are produc- 

 ed ; a blue ground is first given, then the 

 yellow dye, and lastly, a slight madder- 

 ing. Olive may be dyed without using 

 the blue vat, by dipping the silk in a very 

 strong weld bath, after being first alum- 

 ed , to this a decoction of logwood is af- 

 terwards added, and when the silk is dip- 

 ped, a little solution of alkali is put in, 



which turns it green, and gives the silfe 

 the olive colour. The silk is repeatedly 

 dipped in this bath until it has acquired 

 the proper shade. 



A kind of reddish olive is produced by 

 a bath of fustic, to which more or less 

 copperas and logwood have been added. 

 Russet-olive is dyed, by adding fustic 

 and logwood to the bath after weld- 

 ing. The addition of logwood alone 

 gives a redder colour, if such is re- 

 quired. 



Of dyeing Cotton and Linen orange shades. 



By beginning with weld and verdigris, 

 cinnamon colour is given to thread and 

 cotton, which are then dipped in a solu- 

 tion of copperas, wrung, anddried. When 

 dry, they are galled with three ounces of 

 galls to the pound dyed ; they are then 

 dried again, alumed as for red, and mad- 

 dered. After being then washed, they 

 are put into very warm soap-suds, and 

 turned until they are sufficiently bright- 

 ened ; a decoction of fustic is sometimes 

 added in the aluming. 



M. d'Apligny states, that a fine olive 

 may be imparted to cotton and thread 

 from four parts of weld and one of potash, 

 boiled in a sufficient quantity of water, 

 and llrazil \vood, which has been steep- 

 ed one night, boiled separately with a 

 little verdigris, by mixing the two decoc- 

 tions in the proportions the shade re- 

 quires, and immersing therein the thread 

 or cotton. 



Of dyeing Cloth brovm or grey. 



To impart a brown shade, the stuff as 

 soon as dyed is dipped in a solution of 

 copperas, to which an> astringent has 

 been added; which is better than mixing 

 copperas with the bath, as some do. 



Coffee, damascene, and other shades, 

 are produced by giving the cloth first a 

 colour more or less deep, according to the 

 shade wanted, and then dipping it in a 

 bath of galls, sumach, alder-bark, and 

 copperas, according to the effect de- 

 sired. 



Blue-greys are given by solution of in- 

 digo in sulphuric acid, combined with a 

 mixture of decoction of galls and cop- 

 peras. Other shades are obtained by a 

 bath of cochineal, fustic, and galls, to 

 which copperas is added. 



For marone, and similar colours, saun- 

 dcrs and galls are employed ; and some- 

 times a browning with the addition of 

 logwood. These colours may be made to 



