ANALYTICAL CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANT. 



cannot walk about, or more themselves to and fro, at will, 

 but arc, for the most part, fixed to the spot where they 

 first grew. Taking these facts for a basis, a PLANT may 

 be defined as an organized structure, which was derived 

 from a parent, or parents, and exhibits the phenomena 

 of nutrition, growth, reproduction, decay and death. The 

 collective family of plants is called the Vegetable Kingdom. 



9. THE ANIMAL. In addition to the above merely 

 vegetative functions, the animal is able to move himself' 

 about with more or less freedom, to feel emotions of plea- 

 sure and pain, and to act according to the dictates of cer- 

 tain impressions which are collectively called Instinct, 

 and are a substitute for that faculty which is termed 

 Reason in the superior intelligence. 



10. An Animal is an organized being, whicJi was 

 derived from parents, and exhibits the phenomena of 

 nutrition, growth, reproduction, sensation, voluntary 

 motion, and intelligence. Animals collectively form 

 the Animal Kingdom. 



1 1 . But though it is very easy to distinguish a rose 

 from a diamond, or a butterfly from either, and to dis- 

 tribute them all into their respective places, yet there 

 are points where the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms 

 approach each other so nearly, that their absolute 

 boundaries are, as yet, a subject of question. We will 

 not at present disturb these equivocal positions, but turn 

 to the distinctions between organic and inorganic forms, 

 which, are so broad and well defined as to admit of jio 

 controversy. 



12. Between Organic and Inorganic forms there are 

 four principal differences. These are, their mode of 



: .iun, their mode of subdivision or multiplication, 

 their outlines, and their periods of duration. 



13. FIRST DISTINCTION. Minerals expand by accre- 

 tion, or the deposition of particles on the OUTSIDE, 

 Thry are merely cnlarytd. Living bodies are Nocr.'.snED 

 BY FOOD, which, acted upon by intmial forces, is finally 



rli-d into their own substance. They GROW ; and 

 by this power of assimilating foreign substances, the 

 structure is developed and sustained. 



14. SECOND DISTINCTION. Animals bring forth 

 young, and plants arc produced from SEEDS, which arc 

 young plants in an undeveloped state; but minerals arc 

 multiplied only by mechanical subdivision. They 

 never have offspring. 



15. THIRD DISTINCTION. Minerals, with the excep- 

 f crystals, have no determined proportions or sym- 

 metry of outline. They generally present angular snr- 



Mo* Animal. Animal. colltlr]y, whatT BonodirlM of Uu thrw 

 fnt Kingdom*. B*tw*a Organic and Inorganic bodlM, bow many piilnu ofdlf- 



faces, and in their most regular forms are measured by 

 straight lines. Organized beings have symmetrical 

 forms composed of definite parts, each shape being pro- 

 per to the species. They are mostly bounded by circular 

 surfaces, and measured by curved lines. 



16. FOURTH DISTINCTION. Minerals have no fixed 

 periods of duration, and their existence is indefinitely 

 prolonged. Organized forms have an average period of 

 life for every species. 



17. AN ORGANIZED BEING may be defined as one 

 which has been unfolded through a principle of life 

 transmitted from its parents, into certain parts, irhich 

 alien ys maintain definite relations with each other, 

 and with the whole body. It is nourisJied by food. 

 It grows until it attains to certain proportions, which, 

 for any given species, have nearly a determined r< 



It has a limited period of life; and vi- '''''.'/ 



t's greatly diminislied, it DIES. But a Mineral exhibits 

 none of these changes. 



18. Between Animal and Vegetable forms the dis- 

 tinctions are not so obvious, nor can they always with 

 certainty be determined. But as only the lowest t\].r- 

 are thus confusedly thrown together, ultimate distinctions 

 become of comparatively small consequence. It may l>c 

 sufficient here to know some of the broader lines of sepa- 

 ration. 



19. FIRST DISTINCTION. Plants only are nourished by 

 mineral food, and transform thuintOOXganio tissues. Ani- 

 mals universally subsist on the aliment thus transformed. 



20. SECOND DISTINCTION. Vegetable tissues arc 

 composed of only three chemical elements carbon, 

 hydrogen and oxygen. Animal tissues are compo.-- 

 four carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen or a. 



21. THIRD DISTINCTION. In the lowest form of 

 plants we find many species which are composed of a 

 single cell, without any other organization \\ln- 



but even in their lowest condition, animals exhibit a Car 

 higher degree of complexity than this, as you may Irani 

 from the observations of Khrcnbcrg, and other natu- 

 rali-N, who have studied the anatomy of rudimental 

 tribes. 



CHAPTER III. 

 TIM: riMMiriVE CELL. 



22. TUB science of Botany presents itself under two 

 general aspects. First, we study plants as individuals, 



fmnca ? Flnt DMtaeUan Scoond Third Fourth Orgulud being, define. 

 What ut dbUncUoM bctwun Animal* and Vcgotabla* Flnt Second- 



