ORDER CV. CERATOPHTLLACELE. ORDER CXIV. >\I.I, 



ORDER CV. Ceratophyllaceee. 



Aquatic herbs. Leave* whorled, dichotomouslv dissected, 

 with filiform segments. Flowers monoecious, Axillary, sessile. 

 Stamens indefinite. Anthers sessile. Ovary 1-ccllcd. Stylo 1, 

 filiform. Achenium beaked in fruit. Seed with 4 cotyledons. 



A very null unimportant order, represented by tlio Cerstophyllum (JTorn- 



.. :. 



ORDER CVI. CallitrichaceeB. 



Aquatic, annual herbs. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers 

 _ Jllary, solitary, minute, perfect, or monoecious, entirely desti- 

 tute of proper floral envelopes, but usually furnished with a pair 

 of bracts. Stamens 1, rarely 2, with a slender filament and a 1- 

 celled. 2-valvcd rcniform anther. Ovary 4-lobcd, 4-celled, 4- 

 ovuled. Styles 2. Fruit iudrhisccnt, 4-scedcd. 



Little pUota floating In water, consisting chiefly of the various fnccles of 

 CaUitrieho ( Water Staneort). 



ORDER CVII. PodostemaceaB. 



Aquatic herbs, with the habit of Liverworts or Mosses. 

 Leaves capillary or linear, not articulated to the stem. Flowers 

 usually perfect, arising from a kind of cpntho, usually destitute of 

 any other floral envelopes. Stamens often reduced to 1 or 2, and 

 monadelphous. Ovary free, 1 -3-cellcd. Styles or stigmas 2, 

 distinct. Fruit a many-seeded, ribbed, 2 3-cclled capsule. 



A TCTT small aquatic order, of which I'odottcinnm (Thread-fool), Is an 

 example. 



GEOUP V. 

 ORDER CVIII. Euphorbiacew. 



Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, often with a milky juice. Leaves 

 opposite, alternate, or verticillate, usually simple, often stipulate. 

 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Staminate and pistillate flowers 

 usually separate, but often combined and surrounded by a com- 

 mon, mostly petaloid involucre, the staminate being reduced to a 

 single stamen, and the pistillate to a compound pistil, destitute of 

 calyx, and supported on a conspicuous jointed pediceL Calyx, 

 when present, scveral-lobed. Petals sometimes present, and as 

 many as the calyx-lobes. Stamens definite or indefinite, distinct 

 or monadelphons. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary free from the calyx, 

 when the latter is present, consisting of 2 9 more or less united 

 carpels, attached to a prolongation of the axis. Styles aa many 

 as the carpels, distinct, often 2-elcft. Fruit a capsule separating 

 into its component carpels. 



A very large chiefly tropical and South American order, distinguished by 

 the acrid and often powerfully poisonous pmpertlrs of its milky juice. But the 

 starchy accumulations In the root of Jatropha, when freed by washing and heat 

 from the volatile principle, become the Tapioca of commerce. The seed* of 

 Klein 01 yield the common purgative Cantor -oil, while those of certain K. Indian 

 apedea of Croton fumlh the powerful Croton-oil. Caoutchouc Is obtained from 

 tlie Blpbonla, a beautiful tree of South America, and also aome other trees be- 

 longing ban. Euphorbia (Spurge), and lluxm (IiaJ\ are example*. 



ORDER CIX. Empetraceae. 



Low, evergreen, heath-like shrubs. Leaves accrose, crowded. 

 Flowers small, dioecious or polygamous, axillary. Calyx of seve- 

 ral imbricated sepals; or its place is supplied by Imbricated 

 bract*. Stamens few, definite. Ovary 3 9-celled, with 1 ovule 

 ' in a cell Styles short, or none. Stigmas more or less lobed, 

 often Inciniatc'. ( )vnry drupaceous, inclosed in the persistent 

 calyx, containing 3 9 bony nutlet* 



' A vrrv uuall order, represented hero liy Empotram (Cimrltrry\ and 



GROUP VI. 

 ORDER CX. Juglandacese. 



Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate. Stipules none. Flowen 

 greenish, monoecious. Sterile ones in amenta. ('.. ancm-, 



irregular. Stamens indefinite. Fertile flowers usually in small 

 clusters. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary : limb 3 5-parted. 

 Petals sometimes present, and as many as the ealyx-sc^ 

 Ovary 1-celled, partially 2 J-cclled, i-ovulcd. Fruit <li 

 ons, the epicarp sometimes indchiscent, sometimes regularly de- 

 hiscent ; endocarp bony. Seeds single, oily, often edible. 



A small order, containing, however, many forest troea, valuable for their 

 timber, and often fir tli>ir fruit The ItuUcrnut and Black Walnut (Juglant), 

 and the Hickory, Shag-bark, and other species of Carya, are examples. 



ORDER CXI. Cupulifene. 



Trees, or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, with straight 

 veins and deciduous stipules. Flowers usually monoecious. 

 ones in amenta. Calyx membranous and regular, or else scale- 

 like. Stamens 1 3 times as many as the calyx-lobes. Fertile 

 flowers separate, in clusters of 2 or 3 ; or elsa several to.L r 

 inclosed in a common involucre. Calyx-tube adherent 

 ovary ; limb minute or obsolete. Ovary 2 6-cclled, with 1 or 

 more ovules in a cell Fruit a 1-celled, 1-sceded nut 



An order consisting chiefly of noblo forest-tree* of the highest value for 

 timber, and sometimes also for their fruit. Such are the various species of Oak 

 (Qurntu\ the Beech (t\iyu*\ and the Chrstnnt (Catlaina). The bark of the 

 various species of Oak possesses a great deal of Tannin, which makes It valu- 

 able for tanning leather. Galls are swellings on the leaf-stalks and twigs of Oak 

 trees; those of commerce being yielded by the Qnercus Infectorla of Asia 

 Minor. The thick outer bark of Q. Buber at Spain Is the substance known as 



ORDER CXII. Myricaceaa. 



Shrubs. Leaves simple, aromatic, dotted with resinous glands 

 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Sterile ones in amenta, each in 

 the axil of a bract Stamens 2 -6. Anthers 2 4-celled, open 

 ing lengthwise. Fertile flowers in amenta or globose clusters. 

 Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulcd, surrounded by several scales. Stigmas 

 2, subulate, or dilated and somewhat petaloid. Fruit a drupe- 

 like, 1 -seeded nut. 



A small order, represented hero chiefly by the Bayberry (Ifyriai), and the 

 Sweet Fern (Comptonla). 



ORDER CXIII. Betulacese. 



Trees, or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, with deciduous 

 stipules. Flowers monoecious; both kinds in amenta, usually 

 achlamydeous, axillary, by threes in a 3-lobed bract Stamens 

 definite, distinct Ovary 2-cclled, 2-ovuled. Styles or stigmas 2. 

 Fruit 1-cellcd by abortion, 1-sccdcd, membranous, or dehiscent, 

 forming with the bracts a dense, sometimes cone-like, ament 



A small order, of which the various species of Birch (Betuta), and Alder 

 (Alnut), are the most common representatives. 



ORDER CXIV. Salicaceee. 



Trees, or shrubs, rarely somewhat herbaceous. Leaves alter- 

 nate, simple, with deciduous or persistent stipules. Flowers dioe- 

 cious; both kinds in amenta, achlamydenus, in the axils of 1- 

 flowered bracts. Stamens 2 eeveral, distinct or nioiiadrl|>li<>u-. 

 Ovary 1-ccllcd, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, with a silky ' 



Th.< various spedes of Willow (.%i/i>), and P 



this order. In ft*. 83 Is repreaentril Snlli erlocephala, one of the common ape- 

 das, both as It appears when In blowom In the spring, at..' 

 >i"n of the loaves. The bark I. 1 * bitter and tunic, uti'l i- Num'tim 



jo. The (leader flexible shoots of the Willows are used In wicker 

 work. 



