( xi\. ABACUS. OKHI.I: i \\v. UKCHIDAOKJL 



carpel Ovary, style and stigma wanting. Ovule* naked, 1, 2, 

 or more, erect, or sometime* tamed downward. Fruit a strobile, 

 or cone, sometimes drupaceous, or a solitary drupaceous seed. 

 Embryo with 2, or frequently more cotyledons. 



A very Important family, moat >bnniUi 

 highest UM to man, u II bMtadai all tbo 



luiirfrt. Tb neuoni products, such as turpentine, pltcb, nd resin, are of 

 tbe greatest importanco In navigation, and many of the arts. 



abnndant In cold radons, and tber* of tbo 

 most valuable Umber-trees of such 



CLASS IL EXDOGENS. 



Stems not distinguishable into regnlar layers of bark, pith, nml 

 wood in the woody species, growing by additions on the intide. 

 Leaves usually parallel-veined, entire, often sheathing at base, 

 rarely attached to the stem by a regular articulation. Parts of 

 the dowers usually in threes or multiples of 3. Seeds with 1 

 cotyledon, rarely with 2 alternate ones. 



GROUP 1. Mostly aquatic and marsh plants. Flowers monoe- 

 cious, dioecious, or perfect Perianth absent ; or else present, 

 rarely monosepalous, otherwise consisting of 4 or 6 distinct sepals, 

 in 1 series, ana the flowers sessile on a spadix, or in dense spikes. 

 Orders CXIX. CXXL inclusive. 



GROUP 2. Leaves parallel-veined, sometimes linear, often 

 fleshy. Perianth of 6, rarely 8 divisions, the segments in 1 or 2 

 series often of different colors. Ovaries 8, or more, partially 

 onited ; or else single, adherent to the tube of the perianth, and 

 1 or more than 6-cellcd. Orders CXX1IL and CXXIV. 



GROUP 8. Perianth with 6 very irregular segments, and tlio 

 tube adherent to tic twisted ovary. Stamens consolidated with 

 the style in a column, either with granular pollen, or with 2 t 

 pollen-mosses attached to the stigmas in pairs. Order CXX V. 



GROUP 4. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers perfect, not glu- 

 maceous. Perianth of 6 colored segments, more or less adherent 

 to the ovary. Orders CXXVL CXXVUL inclusive. 



GROUP 5. Leaves reticulatcly-veined. Segments of the peri- 

 anth 6, often in 2 differently-colored series. Orders CXX1X. 

 (XXXI. inclusive. 



GROUP 0. Perianth tnbular, colored, 6-partcd, or bilabiate ; 

 or else consisting of 6, rarely 4, similarly colored segments. 

 Ovary free from the perianth. Orders CXXXII CXXX V. in- 

 clusive. 



GROCP 7. Perianth segments in 2 series ; the outer glumacc- 

 ous, or herbaceous ; the inner pctoloid. Orders CXXXVI. and 

 CXXX VI I. 



GROUP 8. Flowers crowded into dense hemispherical heads. 

 Perianth tubular. Order CXX XV III. 



GROUP 9. Flowers glnmaceous, arranged in ppikelets, and in- 

 cluded in glumes, or bracts. Ovary 1-cellcd, 1-seeded. Orders 

 ( XX XIX. andCXL. 



GROUP I. 

 ORDER CXIX. Araceaa. 



Herbs, or tropical shrubs, with a fleshy rhizoma, or conn. 

 Leaves sheathing at base, simple, or compound, sometimes with 

 more or leas reticulated veins. Flowers usually sessile in a ter- 

 minal, or lateral spadix, sometimes monoecious and achlamydeous; 

 sometimes perfect with a perianth of 4 4 sepals. Stamens defi- 

 nite in the perfect flowers, 4 6, usually indefinite in the monoe- 

 cious flowers. Ovary free from the perianth, 1 several-celled. 

 Seeds solitary, or several Fruit usually a proper berry, some- 

 times dry. 



A null tad chiefly tropical order, remarkable tut acridity, which Is espe- 

 Ully dereloped In their roots. Thli principle la, however, volatile, and can be 

 nprlM by hot, tnd In UiU way the starchy conns of ome species are ren 

 derxl edible. Arum ( Watt JloUit). Calla, gymplocarpns (Sl-unk Cabbage), 

 tut UM well-known iroowtle Bwwst Flag (Aaortu), are examples. 



ORDER CXX, Typhaceee. 



Herb* of m:i r-ti.' ami ditches. Stems without joint*. I 

 entiforoi, rigid. Flowers monoecious, arranged in a spadix, which 



is destitute of a ipathe, or in globose heads. Perianth of 8 sepal*, 

 or none. Stamens 8 6, with long and tlcmler filaments, and 

 cuneiform anthers. Ovary free from the perianth, l-cell<.l. 1- 

 seeded. Stigmas 1 2. Fruit a utricle. 



A small unimportant order, consisting solely of two genera, Typha (Cat- 

 tail), and gparganlum (Burr-reed). The seed-down of the former b an article 

 of considerable use to upholsterers. In the manufacture of beds and pillows. 



ORDER CXXI. Lemnaceie. 



Floating plants of a cellular structure. Stems and 

 merged in a frond, from the bottom of which the roots descend, 

 hanging loose in the water. Flowers arising from the margin of 

 the fronds, inclosed, 2 or 3 together, in a membranous - 

 Stamens definite, often monadelphous. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 or 

 more ovules. Stigma 1. Fruit a utricle. 



A small order of mlnnto aquatics, of very simple and humble structure. 

 Lcuina (l>ttc-mtat\ Is our only example. 



ORDER CXXII. Naiadaceee. 



Aquatic plants, with cellular leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, 

 perfect, monoecious, or dioecious. Perianth of 4, distinct sepals, 

 rarely monoscpalous. Stamens definite, 4, 2, or 1. Ovari--- 1 ; 

 or else 2 1, free from the perianth, distinct Stigma simple, 

 often sessile. Fruit 1-celled, 1-scedcd, indehiscent 



A very small unimportant order, represented here by Fotamogcton (Pond 

 wed), and Zosters ( Wrack-grau\ and a few others. 



GROUP II. 

 ORDER CXXIII. Alismacere. 



Marsh herbs, acaulesccnt Leaves parallel-veineil. Inn 

 with reticulated veinlcts, sometimes linear and fleshy. Klowert 

 regular, perfect, or monoecious, usually in raceme* "r ]>uniclcs. 

 1'ei-iunth of 6 sepals, in 2 series. Sepals herbaceous. I'.-tnl- 

 often colored, sometimes similar to the calyx. Stamens definite. 

 or indefinite. Carpels 3, or more, 1-celled, l-seeili-.l. styles and 

 stigmas as many as the carpels. 



A very small order, principally represented by Allsma ( Water Plantain), 

 and Sagittal-la (Arrow-Mad). 



ORDER CXXIV. Hydrocharidaceee. 



Aquatic herbs. Flowers duecious, or polygamous, regular, 

 arising from a spathe. hieli is often supported on a scape-like 

 peduncle. Perianth with 6 segments, in 2 scries, rarely with :i 

 in 1 series; in the fertile flowers united below in u tube. wlii. '. 

 is sometimes very long and slender. Stamens definite, or indefi- 

 nite. Ovary 1, or 6 9-celled, adherent to the tube of the peri- 

 anth. Fruit indehiscent 



Unimportant aquatic plant*, of which Talllsnerta ( Tajx-grau), b an ex- 

 ample. 



GROUP LU. 

 ORDER CXXV. Orchidaccae. 



Perennial, often acaulcscent herbs. Leaves simple, < 

 parallel-veined, sometimes wanting. Flowers very irregular. 

 Perianth of 6 segments, all usually colored, and assuming varions 

 forms, especially the lowest of the 4 inner segments, or lip, which 

 is often spurred. Stamens 3, eonsolidat '"I" ' 



column, only the central one fertile; sometimes tie two lateral 



