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OKDER LXHI. DIP8AOBLB TEASEL-FAMILY. OEDEE LXIV. COMPOSlTjE COMPOSITE-FAMILY. 



1. OALIUM. 



Calyx minute, with 3 I teeth. Corolla rotate 8 t cleft. 

 Stamens 3 t short Styles 2. Fruit consisting of 2 united 1- 

 seeded, indehisccnt capcoles. Stem 4-angled. Leaves verti- 

 ciUato. Per. 



\. G. asprt'llum. Hough Cleavers. 



Stem weak, very brandling, prickly backwards, supporting Itself by Its 

 prlcklM; leaves In verticals of about 6 on the mala stems, and 4 on the bran. 

 cbs oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acuminate, with the mid-vein and 

 margin prickly backwards ; peduncles short, 23 flowered ; flowers numerous, 

 mlDnte, wblte; fruit mostly smooth. A common plant In low grounds and 

 thickets, climbing 4 ft over shrubs and other plants by means of Its hooked 

 prickles. July. 



2. G. trifidum. Ooose-grass. 



Stem slender, decumbent, or nearly erect, weak, rough backward ; leaves 

 In whorls of 4 , oblong-linear, or oblancaolate, obtuse, with rough margins; 

 peduncles 1 S-flowered; pedicels slender; flowers white ; the parts mostly In 

 8X minute ; fruit smooth. A common slender species, 4' 18' high, In wet 

 grounds and swamps. Very variable. 



Two varieties are found. Var. 1st Tluctorium. Earlier leaves In 6's; 

 those of the branches In 4's ; root red, and Is said to yield a permanent dyo of 

 that color. The plant Is hence sometimes called " Dyers' Cleavers." 



Var. 2J. Obtusum, Leaves oblanceolatc, obtuse. Parts of the flowers In 

 4's. Stow Aug. 



3. G. aparine. Common Cleavers. 



Stem weak, reclining, prickly backward, hairy at the joints ; leaves about 8 

 In a whorl, lanceolate, mucronate, rough on the edge and mtd-vcln ; peduncles 

 axillary, 1 4-flowered ; flowers small, wblte; fruit large, hi-jiiil, with hooked 

 pttcklee. An annual species, with stems 26 feet long, found In damp thick- 

 ets. Junt. 



4. G. triflorum. Three-flowered Cleavers. 



Stem weak, procumbent, or prostrate, rough backward on the angles ; leaves 

 mostly In 6's, oval-lanceolate, mucronate, rough on the margin ; peduncles 3- 

 flowered ; flowers pedicellate, greenish ; fruit hispid, Common In moist woods. 

 Stem 18 feet long. July. 



5. G. borealc. Northern Cleavers. 



Stem erect, smooth ; leaves In 4's, linear-lanceolate, 8-ncrved, smooth ; flow- 

 ers In a terminal, pyramidal, elongated panicle, white, small; fruit small, his- 

 pid. A species found on rocky banks of streams, distinguished from others of 

 Its tribe by the panicle of flowers. July. 



6. G. ciraezans. Wild Licorice. 



Stem erect, or ascending, mostly smooth, nearly or quite simple ; leaves In 

 4's, ovatn-Ianceolate, or oval, generally obtuse, 8-veIned, nearly smooth, dilate 

 peduncles few-flowered, with mostly 2 divaricate branches and remote flowers, 

 on short pedicels ; flowers dark purple; fruit hispid. Common In wood.*, 6' 

 If high. The leaves have a sweetish taste, similar to that of licorice, and hence 

 Its common name. July. 



S. MITCHtLLA. 

 Flowers in pairs, with united ovaries. Calyx 4-partcd. Co- 

 rolla funnel-shaped, bearded within, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, insertcc 

 on the corolla. Stigmas 4. Fruit a baccate drupe, crowned with 

 the calyx-teeth of both flower*. 



1. M. repens. Partridge-berry. 



Evergreen ; stem creeping ; leaves dark green, roundish-ovate, potlolate, op- 

 posite, with minute stipules; flowers white, or tinged with rose, fragrant, po 

 dunculate S together, on a double ovary ; berries small, bright red, edible bu 

 dry, persistent through the winter. A very pretty creeping plant In woods, 

 with dark green, coriaceous leaves, which are usually marked with whitish 

 lines. Common. Junt July. 



9. HEDYOTI8. 



Calyx 4-partcd, persistent, inserted on the corolla. Stigmas 

 2. Capsule 2-celled, iimny-seedcd. 



1. TI. ccenllea. Innocence. 



Smooth ; stem slender, dlchotomons ; radical leaves spatnlate, pcllolato 

 aim* ones opposite, ovate- lanceolate, sessile, small ; peduncles long, filiform 

 I 4-flowered ; corolla pale Mae, fading to white, with s yellow but, wmewha 



salver-form. A very delicate and elegant little plant,*' 8' high. In mott 

 grounds and grassy fields, growing In dense patches. Very common. April 



'- 



BFHALASTEUB. 



Calyx limb 4-toothcd. t'"n>ilii tul.nlnr, slender, 4-tootlicd 

 ttameiLt -1. Style filiform, much cxacrted. Stigma 



1. C. occidentilis. 



Leaves oval, entire, smooth, acute, peUolate, opposite, or In vertlcels of 8. 

 with short stipules; flowers In large, terminal, globose, pedunculate beads, 

 white. An elegant shrub, with smooth branches and foliage, distinguished 



i all others by Its globular heads of flowers. Common In wet grounds, along 

 streams, and on the borders of ponds. July. 



ORDER LXHI. Dipsucese. Teasel-fa m 1 1 ;i. 



1. DlPSACUB. 



Flowers in heads. Involucre many-leaved, longer than the 

 jracts of the flower; each flower wfth a 4-leaved inv 

 Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary. Corolla tubular, 4 

 incus 4. Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. Per. 



1. D. sylvestris. Teasel. 



Prickly; loaves lanceolate-oblong, connate, toothed, or entire, opposite' 

 Heads cylindrical ; leaflets of the Involucre slender, longer than the head, ben I 

 Inwards; bracts terminating In along straight awn; flowers blue. A prickly 

 plant, 2 i feet liL-h, naturalized In waste places. Very abundant in N. York, 

 along the Erie canal. July. 



ORDER LXIV. Comp6sitao. 

 famtiy. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEKA. 



StmOBDEK I. Tubulilluni 1 . 



Flowers either with tubular corollas, or only the marginal ones llgulatc and 

 pistillate or sterile. 



A. Flowtrt all tabular. 

 a. Leaves all alternate. 



GEOVP. 1. 



Marginal and central flowers similar, and all perfect Leaves not prickly. 



1. VERN6NIA. Heads erect, many-flowered. In corymbs. Pappus double 

 Boceptacle naked. Achenla cylindrical. 



4. LIATKIS, i few to many-flowered, In elongated racemes 



Pappus plumose. HecepUclc naked. Achenfa tapering at basa 



80. 8Ktnio. llemls nodding, loosely corymbose, Keccptacle not chaffy. 



48. XKBANTitEmm. Heada larpo, terminal, solltan. flowers 



yellow, surrounded by a conspicuously-colored Involucre. Receptacle chaffy. 

 Pappus chaffy. 



46, LAPPA. Heads erect, Irrejrilarly pantclcd. Involucre scales tipped 

 with hooked prickles. Pappus brhtly. Uecepiaclo bristly. 



GROUP 2. 



Marginal and central flowers both similar and perfect Leaves prickly. 



42. CAETHAMVW. Heads orange colored. Receptacle covered with setaoe- 

 ous chaff. Pappus none. 



44. OHOPI'HU purple. KecepUclo deeply alveolate. Pappus 



mostly caplll.v -. Achenla 4*ngled, wrinkled. 



44. C'IESIUM. Hea.1 li-whlte. Uoceptaclo bristly. Pap- 



pus plumose. Achenla compressed, smooth. 



6aocr& 



Central flowers perfect Marginal flowers pistillate. 

 15. PLUOIKA. Heads purple, corymbod. Central corollas 5-cloil; marginal 

 ones filiform, truncate. Eeeeptacle flat. Pappus capillary. 



81 AmHisiA. Heads small, In more or less paniculate racemes. Recep- 

 tacle nearly flat Pappus none. 



82. TAHACtn-M. Ilcsiln yc'llow, In flat-topped eorymba. I. 

 vex. Pappus reduced to a small membranous bordflfi 



lieu.!* .M-l:ciMi-wlilu>. surniiindi>d by warious, white. 

 iles. In several rows, densely cl rymbed. 



oily herbs. 

 LMCirrrrEa. Heads whltiMi, In a deas paniculate corymb. Involucre 



