ANIMAL CASTRATION. 95 



pensed with, it is still essential that the surgeon 

 should avoid being over hasty in determining in fa- 

 vor of an operation, and he should give the case a 

 very careful consideration before deciding upon his 

 course. At first emollient applications, appropriate 

 topical treatment, and a few points of cauterization, 

 may be followed by a process of resolution. But in 

 the event of their failure four modes of operation 

 present themselves. These are, in their order, the 

 application of the clamps; the ligature; the linear 

 crushing or ecraseur ; and cauterization. When the 

 case is one of the extra-scrotal variety, the applica- 

 tion of a ligature around the base of the peduncle, 

 or removal by ecraseur, will be the simplest mode 

 of treatment, unless there should exist a tendency to 

 infiltration of the cord, in which case. the manipula- 

 tions to be followed become the same as those which 

 are adapted to that of the deep or intra-scrotal form. 

 By the damps. When the application of the clamps 

 is resorted to, they may be similar to those used in 



FIG. 25. 



CURVED CLAMPS. 



ordinary castration, or may be curved in form (Fig. 

 25). The animal to be operated on is to be thrown 

 on either side according to which cord is affected, 



