ANIMAL CASTRATION. 139 



cision, torsion, or ligature, according to the age and 

 size of the animal. 



In the female, when, as is sometimes supposed, it 

 becomes a preventive measure in respect to hydro- 

 phobia though if it be so, it can only be from the 

 fact that a castrated bitch will usually remain at 

 home while others are running abroad in heat, 

 and thus being more exposed to contagion the 

 operation is only justifiable in the case of house 

 dogs, domestic pets, in order to obviate the annoy- 

 ance caused to their owners by their demonstrations 

 while in heat. In the bitch the broad ligaments are 

 very long (Fig. 43), extending as far as the hypochon- 

 driac region, where they divide into an external layer, 

 which reaches to the last rib, while the other extends 

 to the sub-lumbar region behind the diaphragm. 

 The broad ligaments diminish in height as they 

 run forward in such a way that the anterior border 

 of the external layer where the ovary is found, 

 shorter in its median part, gives a certain amount of 

 fixity to the anterior extremity of the horns which it 

 keeps elevated in each hypochondriac region ; on 

 that account both horns cannot be at one time 

 brought through the incision, and it becomes gen- 

 erally necessaiy in the bitch to operate on each side. 



The manipulations are similar to those followed in 

 spaying sows, with the exception that the incision is 

 made lower, more forward and nearer to the last rib- 



CASTRATION OF FOWLS. 



The effect of this operation upon the quality o 



