72 



BRAZIL. 



According to the census taken in April, 1870, 

 in Eio, the whole population of the munici- 

 pality of Eio (not including Nitherohy, across 

 the bay, which is supposed to have about 20,- 

 000), is a little over 235,000 souls, of whom 

 50,092 are slaves. Of the slaves, 26,398 are 

 employed as domestic servants, 4,272 are farm 

 laborers, and 5,959 are artisans. As the whole 

 population of the municipality of Kio some 

 one hundred square miles of area is included 

 in the census, the population of the city proper 

 can hardly much exceed 200,000, or only half 

 what it was usually considered to be. 



Some statistics have also been obtained in 

 regard to the births and deaths of the slaves in 

 Eio during the last ten years. By the records 

 it appears that during that period the deaths 

 were 29,717, and the births only 14,144. The 

 books of the notaries public and justices of the 

 peace also show that in the same period 13,293 

 emancipations took place. 



According to the new census bill, in future 

 a decennial census will be taken of the whole 

 empire. The census bill also takes the regis- 

 tration of births, deaths, and marriages, from 

 the priests, and gives it to civil officers, as the 

 clerical registers were very badly kept, and, 

 besides, take no record of any but persons born, 

 married, or deceased, within the pale of the 

 Church. 



The Almanak Administratiw, of Eio Janeiro, 

 for 1869, gives the following statement of the 

 agricultural colonies at the end of 1867:* 1. 

 State colonies : Blumenau, with 3,391 inhabit- 

 ants ; Itajahy, 1,448 inhabitants ; Theresiopolis, 

 1,631 inhabitants; Santa Isabel E. Vargem 

 Grande, 1,213 inhabitants ; Principe Don Pedro, 

 467 inhabitants; Assungui, 310 inhabitants; 

 Cananea, 556 inhabitants ; Mucury, 520 inhab- 

 itants ; Eio Novo, 709 inhabitants; Santa Leo- 

 poldina, inhabitants not reported. 2. The 

 provincial colony of Coinandatuba, 156 inhab- 

 itants. 3. Private colonies : Santa Maria de 

 Soledade, population not ascertained ; San Lou- 

 renco, 1,500 inhabitants ; Donna Francisca, 

 4,667 inhabitants; Dom Pedro II., 1,123 inhab- 

 itants. Public debt, including paper currency 

 in circulation, December 31, 1869, $289,891,- 

 550; revenue, 1869-'70, $42,551,250; expen- 

 diture, 1869-'70, $39,817,250; estimated rev- 

 enue, 1870-'71, $29,250,000 ; estimated expen- 

 diture, 1870-'71, $35,375,000 ; imports, 1866- 

 '67, $80,450,000 ; exports, $76,950,000. 



The Brazilian Parliament was opened by the 

 Emperor on the 6th of May. In his speech 

 from the throne, the Emperor thus referred to 

 the principal home and foreign questions : 



"With a feeling of the most lively pleasure at finding 

 myself surrounded by the national representation, I 

 render thanks to the All-Powerful, and I congratulate 

 myself and you on the happy and glorious termina- 

 tion of the war we have sustained during five years, 

 always with honor to our arms, against the ex-Presi- 

 dent of the Eepublic of Paraguay. The well-grounded 



* See AMERICAN CYCLOPAEDIA for 1868, for an account of 

 the Brazilian army, and commercial and navigation sta- 

 tistics. 



hopes which I manifested at the opening of the last 

 legislative session have been realized, ot seeing our 

 valiant soldiers led to a final victory under the com- 

 mand of my much-loved and valued son-in-law, Army 

 Marshal the Comte d'Eu. The trust which I reposed 

 in the Brazilian firmness and patriotism has been 

 amply justified, and history will bear witness in all 

 time that the present generation showed itself con- 

 stant and unshaken in the unanimous intent to avenge 

 the honor of Brazil. The rejoicing of the whole pop- 

 ulation of the empire over the glorious events which 

 have placed an end to sacrifices so noble, the enthu- 

 siasm with which it has shown its gratitude to the 

 volunteers, the national guard, the army and the 

 navy, are its due homage to heroism and the merited 

 reward of their proved devotion to the national cause. 

 The valuable and legal cooperation of our brave allies 

 cooperated greatly to the results obtained in the long, 

 stubborn struggle in which we were engaged. 



AUGUST AND MOST WORTHY REPRESENTATIVES OF 

 THE NATION : If Brazil laments the lose of many of 

 her gallant children, there remains to her the memory 

 of their deeds, illustrious examples of patriotism and 

 bravery. The Government is engaged in realizing 

 with the Eepublic of Paraguay, in accordance with 

 the treaty of alliance of May 1, 1865, and the protocols 

 annexed to it, the necessary agreements for assuring 

 the permanency and advantages of peace. The pub- 

 lic tranquillity continues unaltered. We maintain 

 relations of the most perfect friendship with all na- 

 tions. The progressive increase of the public reve- 

 nues, an evident proof of the value of the productive 

 powers of Brazil, enables the Government to present 

 to you a budget in which the expenditures do not 

 exceed the ordinary receipts of the treasury. The 

 moral and material development of the empire de- 

 pends essentially on the diffusion of education through 

 all the classes of society, on facilities of communica- 

 tion, and on giving the aid of free labor to our agri- 

 culture, our principal fountain of wealth. I trust that 

 you will give careful attention to these matters and 

 also to electoral reform, to the improvement of the 

 administration of justice, to the municipal organiza- 

 tion and that of the national guard, to me providing 

 of means to carry into effect the census of the whole 

 empire, to the law of recruiting, and to the military 

 penal and process code. 



AUGUST AND MOST WORTHY REPRESENTATIVES OF 

 THE NATION : If your devoted and patriotic coadju- 

 vancy with the Government supplied it with the ex- 

 traordinary means exacted by the war, your intelli- 

 gence and love of your country will give a vigorous 

 impulse to all the internal improvements promised 

 us Iby the new era of peace. 



A considerable portion of the Conservative 

 party were dissatisfied with the omission of 

 any reference to the question of emancipation. 

 In July, thirty-five members of the Conserva- 

 tive party, under the leadership of Senhor Go- 

 doy, organized a parliamentary opposition and 

 issued a manifesto declaring their want of con- 

 fidence in the ministry, on the ground that the 

 ministry was dividing the Conservative party, 

 and was playing into the hands of the liberals 

 by not bringing forward the measures of reform 

 recognized by all to be a necessity, and by the 

 neglect of measures to regulate emancipation. 

 It seems that the slave-owners are thoroughly 

 alarmed at the tide of feeling setting in against 

 the institution, and which has been brought 

 more fully into their view by a certain agitation 

 perceptible among the slaves, and more espe- 

 cially by the discredit in which property in 

 slaves or dependent on slave-labor is held in the 

 money-market. They see that something must 



