74 



BRAZIL. 



municipality of Goyaz, in the province of 

 Goyaz, and of the municipalities of Pitangui 

 and Ourvello, in Minas Geraes, are disabled by 

 the disease, and that it is appearing in the 

 municipalities of Parahiba, Cantagallo, and 

 Nova Friburgo, in the province of Eio Janeiro, 

 besides in that of St. Paulo. Near Taboleiro 

 Grande, in Minas Geraes, there are two ham- 

 lets, those of Almas and Sacko dos Papudos, 

 containing 400 souls, wherein there is not an 

 individual free from the disease, and a pro- 

 vincial deputy not long ago proposed the dis- 

 franchisement of the parish of Eio Vermelho, 

 near Diamantina, " because it was composed 

 only of cretins and persons with goitre." It is 

 asserted that cretinism is due to the presence 

 of dolomite in the water, and that this mineral 

 has been found in large quantity in tlte water 

 of the worst districts. Also that while the 

 mineiros used the salt from the San Francisco 

 salines, which contains iodine and bromine, 

 they were free entirely from the disease, but 

 that with the use of imported salt, which is 

 reported to contain dolomite, the disease ap- 

 peared, and continues to spread rapidly. 



The reason why Brazil is so imperfectly 

 developed is partially explained in a report of 

 Mr. Hunt, the British consul at Eio de Janeiro. 

 Brazil, says Mr. Hunt, is a purely agricultural 

 country of wonderful fertility, but the consul 

 discourages the idea of European immigration 

 into it. Quoting Mr. Buckle, the historian of 

 civilization, he says that "the forces of Nature 

 are so formidable that man cannot make head 

 against them or rally against their accumulated 

 pressure. The progress of agriculture is stopped 

 by impassable forests, and the harvests are de- 

 stroyed by innumerable insects. The moun- 

 tains are too high to scale the rivers too wide 

 to bridge." The land is principally in the hands 

 of large holders, who cultivate but a snail por- 

 tion of it. The export and impoi"t duties are 

 excessively high. A planter with an unem- 

 barrassed estate is as rare as a merchant who 

 has acquired money in trade. Since the date 

 of the final suppression of the slave-trade in 

 1851, the labor has diminished at the rate of 

 7,000 negroes a year. None of the settlements 

 of European immigrants have proved success- 

 ful, with the exception of one or two German 

 colonies established in Eio Grande. In oppo- 

 sition to the glowing terms in which Brazil has 

 been recommended as a field for immigrants, 

 the consul says that a subscription is now in 

 course of collection from the British residents, 

 to enable a considerable number of their fellow- 

 subjects to return to their own country. The 

 North American citizen has not been more 

 successful than the British subject in finding 

 an opening for his industry in Brazil. There 

 is no real security for human life, and, in con- 

 sequence of the light punishment inflicted, as- 

 sassination has come to be regarded as a venial 

 oifence. The Chinese are better fitted to 

 prosper in Brazil their patience makes them 

 efficient, and their economy cheap laborers. 



BEOGLIE, DUO DE. 



BEEMEN, a republic belonging to the 

 North-German Confederation. Burgomasters: 

 C. Fr. G. Mohr (1869-'73), President of the 

 Senate for the year 1871 ; Johann David Meyer 

 (1867-'71), President of the Senate for the 

 year 1870. Area, 74 square miles ; population 

 of the republic in 1867, 109,572 ; of the city 

 of Bremen, 74,945. Total revenue for 1869, 

 2,422,796 thalers; expenditure, 2,117,968 tha- 

 lers, leaving a surplus of revenue of 304,828 

 thalers; estimated revenue for 1870, 2,058,- 

 437 thalers; expenditure, 2,257,130 thalers, 

 showing a deficit of 198,693 thalers. Public 

 debt, 1869: 11,773,312 thalers, gold. The im- 

 ports in 1869 were valued at 103,310,000 

 thalers, gold ; the exports at 94,920,000 thalers, 

 gold. The movement of shaping during the 

 year 1869 was as follows : Arrivals, 3,032 ves- 

 sels, of 436,423 lasts (one last 4,000 Ibs.) ; of 

 which 2,756 vessels, of 410,643 lasts, with 

 cargo, and 276 vessels, of 25,780 lasts, in bal- 

 last. Clearances, 8,176 vessels, of 446,953 

 lasts, of which 1,889 vessels, of 301,582 lasts, 

 with cargo, and 1,287 vessels, of 145,371 l#sts, 

 in ballast. The merchant navy, at the close 

 of the year 1869, consisted of 300 vessels, to- 

 gether of 119,209 lasts, among which were 26 

 screw -steamers. The statistics of emigration 

 from the port of Bremen, in 1868-'69, were as 

 follows : 



BEOGLIE, ACHILLE CHARLES SEANCE VIC- 

 TOE, Due de, a French statesman, publicist, 

 and cabinet officer, born in Colmar, November 

 28, 1785 ; died in Paris, January 17, 1870. 

 His grandfather, Marshal of France in the Sev- 

 en Years' War,.had fled from France during the 

 horrors of the Eevolution, and died in exile at 

 Miinster in 1804. His father, a stanch advo- 

 cate of a constitutional monarchy, refused to 

 fly, and perished by the guillotine in 1794. 

 The young duke, educated by the able profess- 

 ors of Strasbourg, under the direction of his 

 step-father, M. Argenson, early entered upon 

 public life both in administrative and diplo- 

 matic duties. Napoleon I. remarked his intelli- 

 gence and industry, and employed him, young 

 as he was, in several minor diplomatic missions. 

 Never attached to Napoleon, he regarded the 

 Eestoration with satisfaction, and Louis XVIII. 

 named him a peer of France. He attained the 

 right to take part in the debates a few days 

 before the judgment on Marshal Ney. The 

 Duke de Broglie spoke many times during the 

 trial in favor of the accused, but in vain ; he 

 was sentenced to death, and on the morning 

 of December 7, 1815, he was shot. Soon after 



