98 



CHEMISTRY. 



centages, the streets of London having an are consequently highly dangerous to the 



atmosphere apparently almost as pure as the health of persons using them, 

 hills of Scotland. We subjoin his tables for "2. With a single exception, which contains 



oxygen and carbonic acid : corrosive sublimate, the lotions for the skin 



OXYGEN. Per cent, are free from lead and other injurious metals. 



N. E. sea-shore and open heath (Scotland). . . / 20.9990 " 3. The enamels are composed of either car- 



a^b ( lfS^rta Wet w^.::::: 88 *** of lime oxide of zinc or carbonate of 



in the suburb of Manchester in wet weather 20.9600 lead, suspended in water. Ine nrst two class- 



st. John's, Antigua ........ .: ln'2522 es of enamels are comparatively harmless, as 



In the outer ci rcle of Manchester, not raining 20.9470 , , , , r , . , , . J , 



Low parts of Perth ..... 20.9350 harmless as any other white dirt when plas- 



Swampy places, favorable weather, France and tered over the skin to close the pores and pre- 



l 8 fiTO a 8 m-ii^^r:::\":;;v\f: 98S0 .! 9S:SB vent its healthy action. On the other hand, 



London, open places, summer 20.9500 the enamels composed of carbonate of lead 



In siv S e 1 i tti s6 ; " 100m Wh ' Ch feU Cl Se> bUt D0t CXCeS " 20 8900 are ^S^J dangerous, and their use is very cer- 



Inaemall^m'wuVpffti^aiim-ia^pU!.. '.!.!!!! 20^8400 tain to produce disastrous results to those who 



Ditto, after six hours 20.8300 patronize them. 



Galleryfm Ep n M 3 . P : *! '..:'.'.'. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. SO.RMO " * The white powders for the skin are harm- 

 About backs of houses and' closets 20.7000 less, except in so far as their application may 



In large cavities in metalliferous mines (average interfere with the healthy action of the skin." 



ofmany) 20.nOO . . 7 7 . . ' _, _ 



In currents in metalliferous mines (average of Adulterated, Aniline Dyes. Dr. 8, Dana 



many) SS'5592 Hayes, State Assayer of Massachusetts, report- 

 Court of Queen's Bench, Februarys, 1866 20.6500 -, * 1-, ,-,, T TT- /A Ti- \ 



Under shafts in metalliferous min4s (average of ed to the Chemical NtM8 (American edition) 



many 20.4240 an instance of adulteration in aniline dyes, 



In Bumps or pits in a mine 20.1400 ^i,:.,}, >, Q ;i rr . rn a rmrW Tii Tinti 



when candies go out 18.6000 wnicn naa come una< 



The worst specimen yet examined in a mine 18.2700 "It consists of fine granulated sugar, and 



Very difficult to remain in for many minutes 17.2000 eacn particle or crystal is SO well covered with 



In mines-largest amouSundTcornwall 2.5000 a thin film of the true aniline dye as to pro- 



Average of 339 analyses 7850 duce a very good imitation, in color and form. 



in theatres, worst parts, as much as 3200 The first instance was a case of sixty pounds 



i^TmwSs^. 10 :::::::::::'.::::::::: :::::: if. of Hoffman's violet, which was sold for about 



During fogs in Manchester 0679 six dollars per pound, without discovery. . It 



Manchester streets, ordinary weather 0403 /wyntaJT.^ mnr tlimi Tiilf iri trpifrlit nf tin's 



Where fields begin. 0369 contained more tnan nan us weigm 



On the Thames at London 0343 colored sugar, the remainder being ordinary 



In the London parks and open places 0301 crystals of aniline violet. 



On hTiis fn e scotiand'frW'iooo to'4406 ft.' high '.'.'.'.'.'. !o332 " These dyes have not been heretofore so ex- 



At the bottom of the same hills 0341 tensively adulterated, and although this fraud 



Hilsbelw^enTool)'and2;bboft:.\\\\\\\'::::: ::::: S may be easily detected still it is a dangerous 



Hills between 2,000 and 3,000 ft 0332 one, and one against which dyers and colorers 



Hills above 3,ooo ft 0336 should be cautioned." 



Poisonous Cosmetics. Toward the close of Test as to the Adulteration of Milk. Prof. 

 1869 Dr. Sayre, of New York, sent to Dr. Har- Chandler, chemist to the Metropolitan Board 

 ris, Sanitary Superintendent of the Metropoli- of Health, made a valuable report on milk 

 tan District, a pamphlet describing three cases sold in New York, in which he said that water 

 of lead-palsy, produced by a variety of cos- was, practically, the only substance employed 

 metic called " Bloom of Youth." This led for adulteration. This he would detect by the 

 eventually to an official investigation of a great simple process of taking the specific gravity 

 number of hair-tonics, washes, and restoratives, of milk, and estimating the water it contains 

 lotions, enamels, and skin-powders, with high- by evaporating a weighed sample to dryness. 

 sounding and captivating names, manufactured Pure milk, according to Prof. Chandler, varies 

 or sold in the city. It was conducted by Prof, in specific gravity from 1.023 to 1.032, water 

 C. F. Chandler, chemist to the Board of being represented by 1.000. In testing milk, 

 Health. His examination was for mineral the lower number is selected as a fair gravity, 

 poisons only ; not for injurious vegetable or and, whenever the gravity falls below that, the 

 animal substances, as for example cantharides, milk may be considered as containing an excess 

 .which he has reason to believe are sometimes of water, and consequently is poor in quality 

 employed. Analyses were made of seventeen and adulterated. Dr. Davies, F. C. S., of Eng- 

 varieties of preparations for the hair, six of land, dissents from Prof. Chandler, and main- 

 complexion-washes, six of enamels for the tains that specific gravity cannot be relied on as 

 skin, seven of skin-powders. The latter con- a test. A sample of milk of known genuineness 

 sist of carbonate of lime, carbonate of mag- analyzed by him gave the following results : 

 nesia, clay, or " French chalk," either singly " Casein, 4.26 ; fat, 6.26 : sugar, 5.13 ; salts, 0.60 ; 

 or mixed. The following is Prof. Chandler's water, 83.75 ; cream (by the lactometer), IV per 

 summing up : cent. ; specific gravity, 1.0246. It was, therefore, 



" 1. The hair-tonics, washes, and restora- a very excellent sample, and rich in all the 



tives, contain lead in considerable quantities ; solid constituents of milk, especially butter, 



they owe their action to this metal, and they but, had it been judged by its specific gravity, 



