EAST RIVER BRIDGE. ECUADOR. 



EAST RIVER BRIDGE CAISSON LONGITUDINAL Stcnox. 



urp forced hard against tho bolts. After the 

 caisson proper was placed, fifteen courses of 

 timber and concrete were added. The timbers 

 were laid one foot apart, and filled in with 

 concrete ; the next and each alternate course 

 are laid across at right angles, and filled in in 

 tho same manner. 



The top course is solid timber, on which 

 engines are erected for doing the work of 

 hoisting, removing materials, etc. The air and 

 supply shafts, of 8 feet 6 inches and 1 foot 9 

 inches diameter respectively, are fitted with 

 air-locks, like ordinary pneumatic piles, that 

 of the air-shaft being 6 feet 4 inches diameter, 

 and of the supply-shaft 2 feet 6 inches diameter. 

 The water-shafts are nearly square, being 6 

 feet 6 inches by 7 feet, and extend below tho 

 general level of tho bottom. When working, 

 the water is forced out of the chamber by 

 pneumatic pressure through the air-shafts, 

 men and materials admitted to the interior 

 through the supply-shaft, and the excavated 



materials removed through tho water-shafts 

 by means of dredging-machines. The excava- 

 tion is now finished. The chamber and shafts 

 are being filled with concrete masonry, mak- 

 ing a solid block 168 feet by 102 feet on the 

 bottom, 104 feet 4 inches by 98 feet 4 inches 

 on the top, and 29 feet thick, and weighing 

 about 17,000 tons. 



ECUADOR, a republic in South America. 

 President for tho term from 1869 to 1875, 

 Garcia Moreno. Area, 218,984 square miles; 

 population, 1,300,000. The value of exports 

 from the port of Guayaquil (exclusive of pre- 

 cious metals) amounted, in 1869, to 8,413,9U6 

 piastres (that of cacao alone, 1,904,012). The 

 foreign debt was, in 1865, 9,390,554 piastres, 

 and the home debt, 3,692,955 piastres. The 

 public revenue, in 1869, amounted to 1,401,800 

 piastres, of which 576,600 were tho proceeds 

 of import duties. The standing army amounts 

 t<> about 1,500 men. The number of vessels 

 entering the port of Guayaquil during the 



