388 HUTTON, ABEAHAM B. 



solemn promise that they will be guided by 

 the lessons of Christ, and must bring proof of 

 their previous irreproachable life. When these 

 conditions have been complied with, they are 

 conducted to a secluded spot by the elders of 

 the community, and immersed in water. Any 

 male member of the congregation may perform 

 the rite of- baptism. Children receive their 

 name immediately after birth, without await- 

 ing baptism. With regard to the distribution 

 of the Lord's Supper, they observe the same 

 ceremonies as the Calvinists of the reformed 

 Church. The Nazarenes regard matrimony as 

 a purely civil institution. Their funeral cere- 

 monies are extremely simple, all ostentation 

 being strictly forbidden. The dead are not 

 lamented, for they say that he who enters upon 

 a better life ought not to be wept for. They 

 have no holidays properly speaking, and do not 

 consider Sunday sacred, inasmuch as the New 

 Testament does not contain any positive com- 

 mand on that point. They have no ordained 

 priests or clergy, but every man is authorized 

 to explain the Holy Writ. 



HUTTON, ABEAHAM B., an instructor of 

 deaf-mutes, born at Albany, N. Y., December 

 10, 1798 ; died at Stuyvesant's Landing, on the 

 Hudson, July 18, 1870. He was fond of study, 

 and, having received a careful early academic 

 training, he entered Union College in 1815, and 

 graduated with honor in 1817. After spend- 

 ing some weeks at home, he commenced the 

 study of the law in the office of Messrs. Henry 

 & McKoun in Albany, but subsequently relin- 

 quished it, and in 1819 entered the Theological 

 Seminary at Princeton. After remaining there 

 some time, his throat became so seriously af- 

 fected that, by the advice of his physician, he 

 gave up his design of entering the ministry. 

 An assistant teacher was at this time wanted 

 in the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf 

 and Dumb, then under the charge of Laurent 

 Clerc, and Mr. Hutton was selected for that 

 position. He soon became deeply interested in 

 the deaf and dumb, and resolved to devote his 

 life to the amelioration of their condition. In 

 December, 1829, he received from the directors 

 of the New-York Institution for the Deaf and 

 Dumb an offer of the situation of assistant teach- 

 er, but declined ; and two years later, upon the 

 retirement of Mr. Weld from the principalship 

 of the Pennsylvania Institution, Mr. Hutton 

 was appointed his successor. After a full and 

 careful examination of the two systems of in- 

 struction, he became convinced of the superior- 

 ity of that of signs with its auxiliaries, dactylol- 

 ogy, writing, etc,, over artificial articulation 

 and lip-reading, and found no reason to sug- 

 gest any alteration of the Sicard system, in- 

 troduced into the institution by Mr. Clerc. 

 For upward of forty years he discharged the 

 arduous duties of principal with marked suc- 

 cess and ability. About the beginning of 1869 

 his health began to give way under the wear- 

 ing care of so many years, but he continued 

 to discharge the duties of .his position with un- 



HYDRAULIC PIPE. 



wearied devotion, until his fast-failing strength 

 induced him to spend a portion of his summer 

 vacation with his sister in Stuyvesant, in the 

 hope of recruiting somewhat, but survived his 

 arrival there only a few days. Mr. Hutton 

 had a cultivated taste for the fine arts gener- 

 ally, and was skilful in several of the mechanic 

 arts. . In natural philosophy and chemistry 

 he was well versed, and the new discoveries 

 in those sciences were always a matter of spe- 

 cial interest to him. His patience was inex- 

 haustible, and his love for his pupils as well as 

 love for his work was the great secret of his 

 remarkable success. 



HYDRAULIC PIPE. The history of hy- 

 draulic mining in California has been one of bold 

 engineering feats. In the conveyance of large 

 quantities of water under great pressure as 

 in supplying cities where the houses and streets 

 are at various elevations cast-iron pipes have 

 been almost invariably employed, the proper 

 proportions of which have been so well ascer- 

 tained that little or no risk is incurred in their 

 use. Wrought-iron pipes have been discarded, 

 one of the most serious objections against this 

 material being its tendency to rust. But in 

 California, where transportation and other 

 items of expense are so costly, the use of cast- 

 iron renders many enterprises unprofitable, 

 and other material must be employed, espe- 

 cially in gravel-mining, where water has to be 

 conveyed for temporary purposes over great 

 inequalities of ground, and in such quantities 

 as to" prohibit the use of cast-iron. Hence we 

 find, in many places, that sheet-iron pipes are 

 employed, and succeed under pressures which 

 startle engineers of acknowledged ability. 



The Spring Valley Water Company, in San 

 Francisco, convey their city supply of water 

 from their reservoirs over a distance of 17 miles 

 in two lines of sheet-iron pipes, 30 inches in 

 diameter. These pipes are made with the cir- 

 cular seams single riveted and the longitudinal 

 seams double riveted, and with thicknesses 

 and pressures as follows : No. 14 iron, 60 feet ; . 

 No. 12, 100 feet; No. 11, 200 feet; and No. 9, 

 250 feet. It was made in lengths of 24 feet 

 and dipped in boiling asphaltum, in which it 

 was allowed to remain until a complete union 

 had taken place. This, done properly, is a per- 

 fect protection against rust. This pipe has 

 been in successful operation for many years. 

 One line of 6,000 feet, after having been in use 

 for ten years, was lifted and relaid in another 

 place, being found in as good condition as 

 when first put down. 



The success of this pipe led to the employ- 

 ment of one of greater magnitude, to convey 

 water to the Cherokee mines. A ditch had 

 been constructed from Concow Creek to Yan- 

 kee Hill, and from this place the water had to 

 be carried across the ravine of the West Branch 

 to the opposite mountain, whence it was con- 

 ducted in a canal to the mines of Cherokee Flat. 



The inlet to the pipe is 150 feet above the 

 outlet, with a vertical height from the lowest 



