ITALY. 



415 



of the supremo head of the Church, whether 

 > summoned by the Pope to attend a council 

 of the Church or for any other religious purpose. 



6. The Holy Boo will bo enabled and permitted to 



inicate freely and independently, both at home 

 r.ia.l, with all foreign powora uud the clergy 

 all over the world. 



7. Special postal and telegraph services will bo 



i by the Italian Government wholly at the dis- 

 posal of the Holy See. 



8. The representatives of foreign powers at the 

 oourt of the Holy See will enjoy the most complete 

 lilifrty, as they do at other sovereign courts. 



0. Pupal legates and envoys will be treated just as 

 ntv the ambassadors of foreign sovereigns at the 

 Italian oourt. 



10. The Pope and the Church shall enjoy an un- 

 limited and unrestricted liberty of publication of the 

 place of residence of tho Holy See, as likewise of all 

 personal, domiciliary and conciliary determinations, 

 in order to avoid any conflict between the State and 

 Church in future. 



1 1 . His Holiness the Pope shall enjoy full liberty to 

 travel, at all times and in all seasons, in and out of 

 the country. Italy will regard him in this respect as 

 a foreign lay sovereign, ana he shall be treated and 

 honored as such throughout the entire territory of tho 

 kingdom. 



U. Tho royal appanage of his Holiness, as well as 

 tho members of his court, shall be furnished by the 

 kingdom of Italy, which will also assume the respon- 

 sibility of the debts which have been hitherto con- 

 tracted in tho Pontifical States. 



18. To assure the tranquillity of the Catholic world 

 and of the other sovereign powers. Italy is disposed 

 to guarantee the liberties or the Church and the in- 

 dependence of the Pope, sanctioning them by inter- 

 national treaty. 



"By those concessions," added the royal 

 state document, " the Italian Government seeks 

 to prove to Europe that Italy respects the sov- 

 ereignty of the Pope in conformity with the 

 principle of a free Church in a free state" 



Great influences were brought into opera- 

 tion in order to induce the Pope to leave Rome. 

 He refused, on the plea that, while he protested 

 against the usurpation of Italy, and yielded 

 only to superior force, he still possessed the 

 dignity of the Bishop of Rome, and could not, 

 therefore, conscientiously abandon the diocese. 



In the Italian Chamber of Deputies, on March 

 10th, Signer Bella, Minister of Finance, showed 

 that, within the period from 1862 to 1867, the 

 revenue of Italy had increased 47 per cent., 

 while the expenditure had decreased 36 per 

 cent. Ho regretted, however, to say that the 

 constant increase of the public debt, caused by 

 the tardiness of the administration in increas- 

 ing the taxes and reducing expenses, still left a 

 considerable deficit. The budget of 1870 ex- 

 hibited a deficit of 110 million lire to be pro- 

 vided for. In conclusion, Signer Sella ex- 

 plained tho means by which he meant to rid 

 the country of this deficit. 



On July 25th, the Chambers passed a law, 

 authorizing the negotiation of a loan of six 

 million lire. 



On July 31st, Deputy Signer Laporta urged 

 that, as the September convention had been 

 violated by France, it should be abrogated by 

 the Italian Government. The Prime-Minister 

 replied that the adoption of such a course 



would prevent the evacuation of Rome, and 

 tli.it it would be unbecoming to embarrass 

 Franco just as she was going to war. Signer 

 Lanza added that tho Government did not fear 

 internal disturbances, and would repress them, 

 no matter by whom fomented. 



In September the population of Nice sect 

 an address to tho Italian Parliament, expres- 

 sive of the wish of the people to be reunited 

 with tho kingdom of Italy, and stating that 

 ten years of tho despotic rule of France had 

 not been calculated to extinguish in their 

 hearts the love of their old country. If Italy 

 would secure a lasting peace, she stood in need 

 not only of her natural capital, but also of her 

 natural frontier toward the west. This docu- 

 ment had scarcely reached Florence, when a 

 revolution broke out in Nice. Tho French 

 authorities were driven across tho frontier, and 

 all political prisoners liberated. Mentone also 

 participated in the insurrection, but it was, 

 however, soon suppressed. 



Italian unity having been completed, the 

 election of a new Parliament representing tho 

 whole country had become a necessity. Par- 

 liament was therefore dissolved by a royal de- 

 cree of November 2d, and elections for mem- 

 bers of the new Parliament ordered for the 

 20th of that month. The opening of the new 

 Parliament was fixed for the 5th of Decem- 

 ber. The result of tho election was a decisive 

 triumph of the Government. All the members 

 of the ministry were reSlected, and the Gov- 

 ernment again had a strong working majority 

 in the new Chambers. 



The Spanish Government and the Cortes 

 having resolved to tender the crown of Spain 

 to the Duke of Aosta, second son of King Vic- 

 tor Emmanuel, a depution of crown-bearers was 

 ordered to proceed to Florence. They arrived 

 on the 3d of December, and were received with 

 unusual demonstrations of welcome. At tho 

 audience given them, the King said : " I con- 

 fide my son to tho loyalty of the Spaniards." 

 "When the crown was presented to the Duke 

 of Aosta, he remarked : u I have before me a 

 smooth, and, I hope, happy course to pursue. 

 You present to my view a more extended 

 horizon, and invite me to duties always ele- 

 vated, but now of the utmost moment. I 

 accept the noble mission, conscious of its diffi- 

 culties." 



Parliament was opened by the King on De- 

 cember 5th. In his speech from the throne, 

 he declared that, with Rome as the capi- 

 tal, the national edifice, which was com- 

 menced by Charles Albert, was " crowned," 

 and the freedom of Italy completed. It was 

 now the task of the Chambers to make her 

 great and happy. " While we are thus happy," 

 ho continued, "twonations, glorious represent- 

 atives of civilization, are engaged in a horrible 

 struggle. "Wo will persist in our efforts to in- 

 duce them to end the conflict, and prove that 

 united Italy is an element of order, liberty, and 

 peace in Europe." In reference to the Pope, his 



