MKTAI.S. 



481 



thm Maglanowich. "Tho Theatre of Clara 



(Ja/.ill," olio of tllO most Jn-rlVrt c \amplc8 Of 



lit. i;iry mystification, precipitated the rorann- 

 ti.- revolution in Franco, and, according to tho 

 expression of a well-known critic of tho time, 

 M. Mi 'rin 160 was tho Mazeppa of an army of 

 which Victor Hugo was tho Charles XII. 

 He published afterward, anonymously, tho 

 .!ar.[iicrio" (1828), depicting feudal scenes, 

 followed by "The Carvajal Family " and tlio 

 -Chronicle of the Reign of Charles IX." (182!)). 

 Al'ur tliis date ho ventured to attach his sig- 

 nature to his literary productions, of which 

 the tnllowing are the principal: "Tamango," 

 -The Capture of the Redoubt," "Venus of 

 I1K-." "Souls in Purgatory," "The Vision of 

 Cliarles XI.," "The Plague of Toledo," "The 

 Came of Trictrac,' "Tho Etruscan Vase," 

 Tho Double Mistake," "Arsene Guillot," 

 " Matteo Falcone," " Colomba." These charm- 

 inu r stories were published between 1830 and 

 1840, in the Revue de Paris and the Revue det 

 Deux Monde*, and afterward collected in 

 volumes. " Carmen " (1847), " Episode of the 

 History of Russia" (1852), "Tho Two Heri- 

 tages " (1853), "The Inspector-General" (1853), 

 "Outset of an Adventurer" (1853), are little 

 novels, full of life and interest, and distin- 

 guished for their sobriety of style and elegance 

 of language. 



His archaeological works are the following: 

 "Travels in the South of France" (1835), 

 "Travels in the "West of France" (1836), 

 "Travels in Auvergne and Limousin" (1838), 

 "Travels in Corsica" (1840), "Historical Monu- 

 ments " (1843), "Paintings of the Church Saint- 

 Savin" (1844), in which the wonders of Na- 

 ture, the- marvels of art, and the relics of his- 

 tory, are presented to tho reader in the most 

 attractive forms, which seldom fail to excite 

 his interest and sympathy. 



His miscellaneous works were : " Notice on 

 the Life and Works of Michael Cervantes" 

 (1828) ; "Essay on Social War" (1841) ; " His- 

 tory of Don Pedro I., King of Castile " (1843) ; 

 "The False Demetrius" (1854); "Historical 

 and Literary Fragments " (1855); "Introduc- 

 tion to the Stories and Poems of Modern 

 Greece of Marino Vreto " (1855) ; and numer- 

 ous articles in the Revue des Deux Mondes, 

 the Salon of 1839, the Archaeological Review, 

 Revue Contemporaine, Plutarque Francois, the 

 Globe, Constitutional, Moniteur, History of 

 the Villes de France, etc., equally distinguished 

 for their sparkling wit, graceful humor, ele- 

 gance of language, breadth of views, and sound- 

 ness of judgment. 



METALS. The Henderson Steel Process. 

 This, which is also called the Fluo-Titanic pro- 

 cess, is fully described by the inventor, Mr. 

 James Henderson, in Nature. He writes that 

 the agents used are fluorine and oxygen com- 

 bined. The former is derived from any fluor- 

 ide, and the oxygen from any substance, capa- 

 ble of evolving that gas, which is adapted for use 

 in tho manufacture of wrought-iron and steel. 

 VOL. x. 31 A 



Fluor-npar and pure rich iron-ores arc the mot 

 available and economical substances for producing 

 amenta, and are applied finely powdered and 

 mixed, nnd placed in reoeptaolea, preferably, BO as to 

 act from tho under aide upward upon cost- iron in its 

 molten state. 



The most economical mode of application of thin 

 proceM is to treat the cast-iron, in the condition in 

 \v lii.-h it flows from tho blast-furnaces, with fluor-spar 

 ond iron-ore, applied in the "chills" or pig mould* 

 used at hlust-furnaces, by being spread over tho bot- 

 tom of the mould*. 



The iron, when topped from the blast-furnace, 

 flows into the mould thus prepared : the heat of the 

 iron causes fluorine and oxygen to be liberated, and, 

 by reason of tho affinities of these substances for 

 silicon and phosphorus, these impurities are re- 

 moved in the form of vapor. The reactions in the 

 " chills" ore similar to those of the boilinpr-puddling 

 process, and last about five minutes. The metal, 

 during this period, is covered with jets of flame and 

 smoke. The resulting metal, with respect to silicon 

 and phosphorus, is as pure as wrought iron. 



It is preferable to use iron-ores containing the 

 largest amount of oxygen and the least of silicon and 

 phosphorus. These conditions exist in " washed iron 

 sands," and the red hematites of Cumberland and 

 Lancashire. When using the hematite ores, varieties 

 that nre the easiest to reduce to powder are preferred ; 

 and the ordinary edge-running apparatus, with cast- 

 iron rollers revolving in a pan, is an excellent dne for 

 tho purpose. 



The fluorspar and fine ore are passed through a 

 sieve of not less than four hundred meshes to the 

 square inch, and afterward mixed so thoroughly as 

 to appear to be one substance, in the proportion of 

 one port of fluor-spar to two parts by weight of iron- 

 ore, and ore spread one-fourth, to three-eighths of an 

 incn deep over the " chills ; " then the iron is run 

 upon them so as to form slabs one inch thick. 



Mr. Henderson gives an analysis, comparing 

 his refined cast-iron with the products of va- 

 rious English and German processes, showing 

 that his process removes five times as much 

 phosphorus as the others do, and that tho 

 product is free from silicon. He also claims 

 a large saving (one-half) in fuel per ton of iron 

 produced, and of forty per cent, of wages per 

 ton, by reason of the diminished labor neces- 

 sary, and other advantages. About seventy 

 poimdsof fluor-spar are required to refine a 

 ton of iron. 



The Sherman Process. The London En- 



Sineer records the trials of steel made by the 

 herman process, at the request of the Lords 

 Commissioners of tho Admiralty, at the Chat- 

 ham Dockyard. The results obtained were 

 very satisfactory, the samples showing a tensile 

 strength of 36 tons of the original section of 

 steel ship-plates, with <an elongation of from 

 li inch to 1-JI inch, in a length of 6 inches. 

 The breaking strain, calculated from the re- 

 duced area at the point of fracture, was over 60 

 tons per square inch. Further samples of 

 plates which were T V inch thick were bent 

 double at a dnll red heat, both with and across 

 the grain, without showing signs of fracture, 

 while a piece was also bent double cold, with 

 the grain, with the same result, and another 

 piece was similarly bent across the grain with 

 but very slight fracture. Another of Mr. Sher- 

 man's samples, tested at Chatham, was a 11- 

 inch square bar of a tough class of steel, named 



