618 POLLOCK, FREDERICK. 



PORTUGAL. 



well armed, were posted behind it to resist 

 the assault. la a short time the Chinese, re- 

 enforced to the number of two thousand, ap- 

 peared in front, and actually sent their leader 

 to parley with the defenders regarding surren- 

 der. Hardly had he opened his mouth when 

 he was killed by a well-directed rifle-ball. The 

 Chinese, goaded to madness by this loss, threw 

 themselves upon the barricade. The fight for 

 a few moments was hand to hand, and the 

 whites suffered severely under the knives and 

 weapons of their assailants. Soon, however, 

 the power of gunpowder began to assert itself, 

 the coolies retired to a distance, and appeared 

 to be deliberating upon their future movements. 

 At this juncture the brave defender of the 

 church, having put his family in a place of 

 safety and found several companions, appeared 

 in their rear, and commenced such a vigorous 

 fire upon them that in a short time all order 

 was forgotten, and the insurgents were in a 

 headlong flight. Telegrams had been sent to 

 Lima asking for help, and on the morning of 

 the 6th the prefect, with a couple of hundred 

 soldiers, arrived at the scene of conflict. The 

 Chinese by this time had dispersed to the 

 mountains. The soldiers, after securing the 

 few who could be found, started in pursuit. 

 The results of this terrible tragedy were forty 

 murdered among the whites, and nearly three 

 hundred Chinese killed. The crops were de- 

 stroyed, and the coolies, seeking refuge in the 

 hills, and devastating the unprotected hamlets, 

 were not only lost to their owners, but formed 

 a dangerous element to peace and security. 



In the midst of these disturbances the public 

 works already initiated were progressing with 

 the most satisfactory activity ; planters were 

 increasing their estates, and property in the 

 towns and villages along the lines of the roads 

 to be built, before of no value, became an 

 object of speculation, and commanded com- 

 paratively exorbitant prices. The public lands 

 were portioned out and eagerly sought for. 

 With the facilities afforded by the different rail- 

 ways a radical change was sure to take place 

 throughout the wonderfully fertile interior, 

 and, from being a consuming country, it was 

 hoped that Peru in a few years would become 

 productive. 



At Lima a perfect system of common and 

 free schools had been adopted, by which more 

 than 5,000 children, before without the means 

 .of education, are now instructed by competent 

 teachers. 



The Government issued a decree prohibiting 

 its representatives abroad from granting the 

 Peruvian flag to the vessels of any nation. The 

 Government accepted an offer made by Brazil, 

 extending the service of her arsenals and dock- 

 yards gratis to Peruvian ships-of-war, on the 

 understanding that Peru would extend a like 

 courtesy in return, when occasion presents it- 

 self. 



POLLOCK, Rt. Hon. Sir FBEDEEICK, Bart., 

 M. P., born in London, September 23, 1783; 



died in London, August 23, 1870. He was of 

 Scottish extraction, studied in St. Paul's School, 

 and graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, 

 where he was Senior Wrangler in 1806. Having 

 been called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 

 1807, he won great success in his profession, but 

 did not attain the rank of King's Counsel till 

 1827. For many years he led the Northern Cir- 

 cuit, and had an extensive business in London 

 and Westminster, having been retained in very 

 many important cases. In 1831 he was returned 

 a member for Huntingdon, which he continued 

 to represent till his elevation to the Bench in 

 April, 1844. He was appointed Attorney-Gene- 

 ral under the first administration of Sir Robert 

 Peel in 1834, and again under his second ad- 

 ministration in 1841, succeeded Lord Abin- 

 gcr as Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer, 

 and was sworn a member of her Majesty's 

 Privy Council in April, 1844. He retired from 

 the Bench in June, and was created a baronet, 

 July 22, 1866. Sir Frederick was the younger 

 brother of the late Sir David^ Pollock, Chief 

 Justice of Bombay, and elder brother of Gen. 

 Sir George Pollock, G. 0. B. and K. 0. S. I. 



PORTUGAL,* a kingdom in Europe. King, 

 Luiz I., born October 31, 1838; succeeded his 

 brother, King Pedro V., November 11, 1861. 

 Heir-apparent, his son, Carlos, born Septem- 

 ber 28, 1863. A new ministry, formed Au- 

 gust 31, 1870, was soon superseded, on Novem- 

 ber 1st, by the following : Marquis Avila, Minis- 

 ter of Public Works and President of the Coun- 

 cil ; Marquis Gouveia, Minister of Marine ; 

 Bento, Minister of Finance ; Rego, Minister of 

 War; Carvalho, Minister of Justice; the Bishop 

 of Bizeu, Minister of the Interior. W. Gum- 

 back is United States minister at Lisbon. The 

 former reports of the area are somewhat al- 

 tered by the new survey, completed in 1869, 

 by the Topographical Bureau at Lisbon, as fol- 

 lows: 



* For details concerning the marine, the imports and 

 exports, movement of shipping, railroads, etc., see AMERI- 

 CAN ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1869. 



