700 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



the moon's limb. Tliis photograph, when com- 

 pared with a careful sketch made by Prof. 

 Watson, proves the existence of the striking 

 dark cusps on the corona. Notwithstanding 

 the unpropitious weather at Gibraltar, Mr. 

 Richard Abbott, of the English expedition, 

 enjoyed a fair view of the corona and promi- 

 nences. He says : 



I was remarkably struck with the height and mag- 

 nitude of the red flame-like appearance which ex- 

 tended as far, or, I think farther from the limb than 

 the corona, unless it shaded off. The bright part of 

 the corona was narrow and next to the moon, but the 

 corona was not of equal width all round. The moon, 

 to my eye, appeared globular. In no part did the 

 corona or the prominences extend beyond one-eighth, 

 or at most one-sixth of the moon's radius beyond 

 the limb. I thought the moon darker than the sky. 

 I noticed four high red prominences there were 

 more, but, when, for an instant, I took my eyes off 

 the telescope, a dense black cloud had obscured every 

 thing till the narrowest streak of the sun appeared 

 on the western side, and nothing but the ordinary 

 phenomenon of a partial eclipse was to be seen. The 

 darkness during totality was not so great as I expect- 

 ed it would be. Two stars were seen, one near the 

 sun, and the other overhead, but I can get no further 

 information as to their exact position. 



Another observer in the same vicinity makes 

 the following record : 



The eclipsed orb presented itself through a rent in 

 the clouds not greater in area than ten times that of 

 the disk of the moon's shadow. That part of the 

 opening which was above the eclipsed orb was clear 

 like the sun at twilight, and in it were visible to the 

 naked eye the planets Venus, Mercury, and half a 

 dozen stars. The remaining part was covered with 

 a thin haze. The moon's shadow appeared to the 

 eye, assisted by a somewhat weak binocular glass, to 

 be a dark circular disk with an even boundary and of 

 uniform shade. Within the corona, and touching 

 the circumference of this shadow, appeared five or 

 six spots of brilliant carmine, varying in form and 

 size and at irregular distances apart. Two of these 

 spots, or "red flames," as they are called, on the 

 eastern side of the disk, and at about 55 and 80 re- 

 spectively from the vertex, seemed decidedly the 

 largest and most prominent ; they were tongue- 

 shaped, and protruaed about one-sixth the width of 

 the corona. In their neighborhood the corona was 

 brightest and widest. There, too, the rays of the 

 corona appeared to be gathered more distinctly into 

 groups than elsewhere, faint shadows being visible 

 between the groups. The corona consisted of bril- 

 liant rays of extremely faint prismatic hues ; these 

 rays at first sight appeared pretty evenly distributed 

 all round, but closer examination seemed to detect 

 the fact of there being bundles of rays in nearly regu- 

 lar groups. The width of the corona was about one- 

 eighth the apparent diameter of the moon's shadow. 

 It was very nearly concentric with the disk of the 

 shadow; its boundary was well defined, but "jag- 

 ged ; " the perimeter, except opposite the two most 

 prominent red flames above mentioned, where the 

 boundary slightly protruded, was circular. 



Fragmentary reports have come in from 

 members of the English expedition at other 

 places, and also from the German and Italian 

 parties, but they give no additional information 

 of importance. 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY, two kingdoms in 

 Northern Europe, united under one king ; pres- 

 ent king, Charles XV., born May 3, 1826; 

 succeeded his father July 8, 1859. The United 

 States Government was, in 1870, represented 



at Stockholm by Major-General 0. 0. Andrews. 

 The area and population of Sweden, according 

 to the census of December 31, 1869, were as 

 follows : 



The diminution of the population is partly 

 accounted for by emigration, which in 1867 

 numbered 9.334, while in 1869 it had increased 

 to 38,500. The area of Norway is estimated 

 at 122,291 square miles ; population, according 

 to the census of 1865, 1,701,756. The emigra- 

 tion from Norway, in 1869, numbered 15,600. 

 The number of persons born in Sweden, but 

 not belonging to the Swedish nationality, in 

 1860, amounted to 22,519, of whom 7,248 were 

 Laplanders, and 15,271 Finns. The number 

 of foreigners residing in Sweden was 7,980. 

 The population of the principal cities, in 1869, 

 was: Stockholm, 134,650; Gothenburg, 55,046 ; 

 Malmo, 24,627; Norrkjoping, 22,997. The 

 budget for 1871 fixes the revenue at 42,680,000 

 rix-dollars ; expenditure at 44,207,000 rix-dol- 

 lars ; deficit 1,527,000 rix-dollars ; public debt, 

 on December 31, 1869, 111,200,000 rix-dollars. 

 During 1870, the public debt was further in- 

 creased by a railroad loan of 40,000,000 rix- 

 dollars. The army is composed of 105,250 

 infantry; 8,660 cavalry; 5,050 artillery ; 1,180 

 corps of engineers ; and 4,667 army train. The 

 volunteer corps, formed since 1861, had a nu- 

 merical strength, at the end of 1866, of 42,000 

 men. The marine numbered, August 1, 1867, 

 17 steamers, carrying 132 guns, and 31 sail- 

 ing-vessels, carrying 330 guns. The imports, 

 in 1868, were valued at 137,800,000 rix-dol- 

 lars ; exports at 119,700,000 rix-dollars. The 

 movement of shipping consisted in 6,032 ves- 

 sels entered, of 205,555 lasts, and 12,111 ships 

 cleared, of 546,961 lasts (1 Swedish last=4.7 

 English tons). The merchant navy was com- 

 posed, in 1868, of 3,268 vessels, of 94,746 lasts, 

 and 344 steamers, of 9,810 horse-power. Length 

 of railroads in operation, at the end of 1869, 

 1,143 miles; length of telegraph-lines, 4,275 

 miles; length of wire, 8,727 miles. In the 

 Norwegian budget for the period of 1869-'72, 

 the annual revenue and expenditure were fixed 

 at 5,092,000 specie-dalers (one specie-daler= 

 $1.07). Public debt, in 1868, 335,100 dalers. 

 The value of the imports, in 1868, was esti- 

 mated at 26,600,000 dalers; the exports at 

 31,900,000 dalers. The number of vessels en- 

 tering Norwegian ports, in 1868, was 6,878, of 

 527,929 lasts; the number of clearances 6,758, 

 of 511,028 lasts. The merchant navy, at the 

 end of 1868. numbered 6,909 vessels, of 451,806 



