BRAZIL. 



75 



The inhabitants of New York and Philadelphia 

 sent the ships back to London. The tea at 

 Charleston, S. C., was stored in cellars, where it 

 could not be used and where it finally spoiled. 

 In Boston men disguised as Indians boarded the 

 ships and threw their cargoes into the sea. On 

 Nov. 22, 1774, a brig landed a cargo of tea at 

 Greenwich, N. J., but a party of the Sons of 

 Liberty, headed by Ebenezer Elmer, afterward 

 a member of Congress, destroyed it by fire. The 

 attempt to break down the boycott on tea was 

 everywhere unsuccessful. 



These boycotts of revolutionary times were 

 remarkable 'because of their extension over so 

 large a territory, the unanimity with which they 

 were enforced by the people of the colonies, and 

 the number of years which they lasted ; nor, in 

 estimating their importance, should the result 

 which they were largely instrumental in accom- 

 plishing be forgotten. 



McMaster, in his " History of the People of the 

 United States" (Vol. I, p. 404), gives an amusing 

 and instructive account of a boycott declared by 

 New Jersey and the people of Connecticut against 

 New York in 1787. The embargoes laid by 

 Congress upon shipping in ports of the United 

 States in 1794 and 1806 were little less than boy- 

 cotts as now understood. They were declared 

 by one nation against another, yet they were en- 

 forced by the approbation of the people ; and 

 when declared by the national authorities to be 

 at an end were still continued by private ac- 

 tion in some parts of the country. There is still 

 another American boycott, whose full history 

 has never been completely written. Albion W. 

 Tourgee, in his novels, has shown part of its 

 operation ; much concerning it is no doubt con- 

 tained in diaries, in private correspondence, and 

 in newspapers. This is the policy of social ex- 

 communication with which the South met the 

 Northern emigrants or " carpet-baggers " after 

 the civil war. This procedure is of peculiar 

 value in tracing the history of the boycott, for 

 James Redpath lived in the South in those days, 

 saw the policy of social ostracism put into force, 

 watched its operations, and noticed its failures 

 which were few and its successes which 

 were many. From his experiences of that time 

 were derived his suggestions and recommenda- 

 tions of this policy to the Irish, which have been 

 already mentioned. The boycott is, therefore, 

 an American custom with an Irish name. The 

 most remarkable instance in the recent history 

 of the boycott was the suggestion put forth by 

 several newspapers in the Southern States in 

 July, 1890. to boycott all Northern men and 

 manufacturers if a certain bill giving control 

 over elections of Federal officers to United States 

 officials was passed by Congress. 



BRAZIL, a republic in South America, con- 

 stituted under the name of the United States of 

 Brazil on the overthrow of the Imperial Govern- 

 ment and dethronement of Dom Pedro II, Nov. 

 15, 1889. The Emperor in 1887, when he went 

 to Europe on account of his health, committed 

 the Government to the Crown Princess, Dona 

 Ysabel, whose subjection to the influence of 

 Jesuits was generally resented. Her husband. 

 Gaston d'Orleans, Count d'Eu, was still more 

 disliked, and the Republicans were determined 

 that the monarchy should end with the reign of 



Dom Pedro. The Crown Princess by the interest 

 that she showed in the abolition movement 

 aroused the animosity of the planters, and by 

 the sudden decree of unconditional emancipa- 

 tion, issued May 13. 1888, made numerous pow- 

 erful and unrelenting enemies. Her opposition 

 to religious liberty, the rose of virtue sent to her 

 by the Pope, and the subservience to the clergy 

 that she showed openly made the whole country 

 distrustful of her capacity to rule. In May. 1889, 

 Joao Alfredo was replaced as Prime Minister by 

 Ouro Preto, who instituted an adventurous and 

 extravagant economical policy, demoralized the 

 civil service, fostered corruption, and roused the 

 suspicion in the army, where the antagonism to 

 the Count d'Eu and the princess regent was 

 keenest, that he intended to supplant it with a 

 new body, the National Guard, that could be de- 

 pended on to fight for the dynasty and reaction- 

 ary principles. A plot was organized among the 

 officers to drive the unpopular ministry from 

 power by a military revolt. The politicians of 

 the Liberal party, the planters, and all the ene- 

 mies of the Crown Princess were prepared to sup- 

 port the movement, and the juncture was adroitly 

 utilized by the organizers of the plot to over- 

 turn the dynasty at the same time and to pro- 

 claim a republic, assuming themselves the chief 

 offices in the Provisional Government. Arbitrary 

 rule, corruption, the perversion of justice, sys- 

 tematic oppression, and neglect of the army and 

 navy, and the intention avowed in the ministe- 

 rial press to disband and abolish the two services 

 and create in their stead an organization more 

 pliant to official influence were the reasons for 

 the revolt alleged in Marshal Deodoro's letter to 

 Dom Pedro of Nov. 16, 1889. The revolutionary 

 Government was composed in the beginning, of 

 the following heads of departments: Chief of 

 the Provisional Government, Marshal Deodoro 

 da Fonseca ; Minister of the Interior, Aristides 

 da Silveira Lobo ; -Minister of Finance, Dr. Ruy 

 Barbosa ; Minister of War, Benjamin Constant ; 

 Minister of Marine, Rear- Admiral Eduardo Wan- 

 denkolk ; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Quintano 

 Bocayuva. 



Area and Population. The area of the dif- 

 ferent provinces or States and their population, 

 as officially estimated in 1888, are given in the 

 following table : 



