144 



CITIES, AMERICAN. (SAGINAW, ST. CLOUD, SAULT STE. MARIE. 



Augustana College and Theological Seminary, 

 being here. There are 17 professors, 2 instruct- 

 ors, and 300 students. The library contains 

 8,500 volumes and 5,000 pamphlets. The insti- 

 tution admits both sexes. A new college build- 

 ing has been completed at a cost of $80,000. 

 There are 15 churches in the city. The history 

 of Rock Island dates from the construction of 

 Fort Armstrong on Rock Island in 1816. A 

 post-office was established as early as 1825. The 

 city has been the county seat of Rock Island 

 County since its organization in 1831. 



Saginaw, a city and the county seat of Sagi- 

 naw County, Mich., at the head of navigation on 

 Saginaw river. It includes East Saginaw and 

 Saginaw City, which were consolidated under an 

 act of March 3, 1890. Two systems of street rail- 

 way (one electric) and a belt-line road connect 

 all sections of the city. The chief industries are 

 lumber, lath, shingles, salt, flour, mill machin- 

 ery, furniture, wooden ware, ship building, and 

 leather. The value of manufactured products in 

 1890 was $32,000.000, and the business of the 

 wholesale and jobbing houses about $15,000,000. 

 The city has 2 electric lights, 2 gas, and 2 water 

 systems, 19 public and 8 private schools, 4 daily 

 and 4 weekly newspapers, 11 banks, with $6,- 

 000,000 deposits and $1,700,000 capital stock, 20 

 churches, 3 public libraries, and 5 railroad sys^ 

 terns, with steamer lines connecting the principal 

 lake ports. The Hoyt Public Library, erected 

 from a bequest of $100,000 by the late Jesse Hoyt, 

 of New York, was opened in February, 1890. 

 The population in 1860 was 4,700 ; in 1870 it was 

 18,810; in 1880 it was 29,590; in 1884 it was 

 42,867 ; and in 1890 it was 46,169. 



St. Cloud, a town of central Minnesota, the 

 county seat of Stearns County, by rail, 75 miles 

 northwest of St. Paul. The population in 1890 

 was 7,722. It is on both sides of the Mississip- 

 pi, below the mouth of Sank river, on a pla- 

 teau 40 to 50 feet higher than the bed of the 

 stream. It has 4 banks, 1 daily and 3 weekly 

 newspapers, gas and electric-light and power 

 works, water works, and a street railway. It is 

 on the St. Paul division of the Northern Pacific, 

 and on the St. Paul and Fergus Falls division 

 of the Great Northern Railway, and is the ter- 

 minus of the Osseo branch, the Hincklcy and 

 Duluth, and the Sioux Falls divisions of the lat- 

 ter system. It is the seat of the State reforma- 

 tory for men, opened in October, 1889, and of a 

 United States land office. Near the town are 

 large granite quarries, producing several varieties 

 of very hard and tough granite, from which pav- 

 ing blocks, curbing, and building stone are taken, 

 furnishing one of the principal occupations of 

 the place. The largest water power above Min- 

 neapolis has been completed within two years. 

 Various manufactories, including a pulp mill, 

 indurated-fiber works, saw and grist mills and 

 the electric-power plant, get power from the 

 dam. Besides the usual manufacturing enter- 

 prises, there is a log-boom business, artificial stone 

 works, and distributing warehouses for agricultu- 

 ral machinery. St. Cloud is the seat of one of the 

 four State normal schools. There is a system of 

 city and numerous parochial schools. It has a 

 public library and ten churches. The business 

 of the town is mainly mercantile. The sur- 

 rounding county consists of rich fanning lands, 



well adapted to wheat and stock raising. The 

 locality is within the scope of the " Big Woods," 

 as the great belt of hard- wood timber in central 

 Minnesota is called. Numerous lakes dot the 

 country, and furnish bits of beautiful scenery. 

 One of these lies within the town limits. Tn 

 1889 an extensive system of street improve- 

 ments was begun. The population is largely of 

 foreign origin, the prevailing nationality being 

 German, with the Scandinavian element quite 

 strong. The American population is derived 

 mainly from New York and New England. The 

 number of inhabitants has almost doubled in 

 the past five years. 



Sault Ste. Marie, the county seat of Chip- 

 pewa County, Mich., on St. Mary's river, the con- 

 necting link for commerce between Lake Superior 

 and Lakes Huron and Michigan. It was dis- 

 covered by the French under Cartier, who landed 

 in Quebec in 1535, and were known to have gone 

 as far as the western end of Lake Superior. The 

 earliest permanent settlement was made in 1665. 

 when a mission was founded by James Marquette 

 and Claude Dablon, and a fort and chapel were 

 built for fur traders. Sault Ste. M arie was one of 

 the headquarters of the Northwestern and Hud- 

 son Bay Fur Companies, and a mill was built 

 and run by water power, also a lock for trans- 

 porting the canoes of the Hudson Bay Company, 

 parts of which, with the old post buildings of the 

 company, are still visible. The Indians still re- 

 tain the right to fish in the rapids, and do a 

 profitable business in trout and white fish. Fort 

 Brady was established in 1822 by Gen. Hugh 

 Brady, of Northumberland County, Pa. The 

 growth of the city dates from the construction 

 of the St. Mary's Ship Canal by the State in 

 1853. (See description of the enlarged 'canal, with 

 illustrations, in the " Annual Cyclopaedia ? ' for 

 1889, page 754). In 1887 the Duluth, South Shore 

 and Atlantic, and the Minneapolis, St. Paul and 

 Sault Ste. Marie Railroads reached the city and 

 were met by the Canadian Pacific, which crosses 

 the river on the International Bridge. The 

 Grand Trunk road owns an interest in this bridge, 

 and is also building into the city. The St. 

 Mary's river has a fall of 18 feet in less than a 

 mile, with a discharge of 90,783 cubic feet a 

 second, and heavy English and American cor- 

 porations have been formed for the development 

 of this power. The tonnage of the canal for 1889 

 was more than 7,500,000 tons, valued at $83,- 

 732,527.15. An accident to the lock of the canal 

 in 1890 delayed the passage of vessels from 4 P.M., 

 July 31, to 8.30 A.M., Aug. 4, and the number of 

 vessels thus delayed was 265. Sault St. Marie 

 lies within a rich mineral and lumber district. 

 At present the only manufacturing interest is 

 in lumber; 4 mills, with planing and shingle 

 mills attached, are in operation. The principal 

 business is in fishing, wrecking, general ma- 

 chinery, and merchandise. The city is lighted 

 with electricity, and there are 4 miles of electric 

 street railway. The combined system of drain- 

 age is in use. Pumps, with capacity of 500,000 

 gallons a day, with the Holly system, draw the 

 water supply from the river. There are 2 national 

 banks, with aggregate capital of $150,000, and 

 1 savings, with capital of $50,000. One semi- 

 weekly and 2 weekly newspapers are publishi'd. 

 The schools include 4 ward public and 1 high 



