150 CITIES. (YouNGSTOWN, ZANESVILLE.) 



COLOMBIA. 



northwest. The first State Normal School of 

 Minnesota is in this city, and is one of the larg- 

 est and most prosperous in the United States. 

 Winona has a free public library, supported by 

 an annual tax. The assessed valuation of the 

 property of this city is $7,000,000. It has a 

 bonded indebtedness of $325,000, and no other 

 indebtedness. Its public buildings are a United 

 States Government building, in process of con- 

 struction, to cost $150,000; the State Normal 

 School building, erected at a cost of $150,000 ; a 

 court house, completed at a cost of $130,000; 2 

 high-school buildings and 4 ward-school build- 

 ings, costing in the aggregate $240,000 ; city hall ; 

 public library ; 22 churches ; and a hospital. 



Youngstown, a city, and the county seat of 

 Mahoning County, Ohio, on Mahoning river, 65 

 miles from Cleveland, and 68 from Pittsburg, 

 Pa. The population in 1870 was 8,075; in 

 1880 it was 15,435 ; in 1890 it was 33,199, an 

 increase of 17,764. The railroads that enter the 

 city are the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, 

 the New York, Lake Erie and Western, the Pitts- 

 burg and Lake Erie, the Pittsburg, Cleveland 

 and Toledo, the Pittsburg and Western, the 

 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago, the Lake 

 Shore and Michigan Southern, the Lake Shore 

 'and Painesville, the Ashtabula and Pittsburg, and 

 the Fairport and Pittsburg. In 1888 $5,554,500 

 were invested in manufactures, with an annual 

 product of $8,968,760; 6,514 persons were em- 

 ployed, of whom 5,849 were men, 231 women, 

 and 434 boys. The manufacturing establish- 

 ments were :* 4 of merchant iron, 1 of bolts and 

 nuts, 2 of steam boilers, 1 of engines, 1 of car- 

 riages, 2 of pig iron, 1 of iron fencing, 1 foundry 

 and machine works, 1 of tinware, 1 of scales, 1 

 of stoves, 1 of wrought-iron pipes, etc.; 1 of 

 washed iron, 2 planing mills, 2 door and sash 

 factories, 2 flour mills, and 1 ale and beer fac- 

 tory. Sixteen blast furnaces and as many mills 

 were in operation in 1890. Natural gas is in 

 use in addition to coal. The coal production 

 in Mahoning County in 1887 was 272,349 tons ; 

 and of the 10,910,946 tons produced in the State 

 in 1888, 331,035 were from Mahoning County. 

 Four iron mines produced 13,279 tons of black 

 band and 500 tons of hematite. One mine of 

 fire clay produced 400 tons. The assessed valu- 

 ation of the city in 1888 was $6,303,520, and 

 the rate of taxation 27*2 mills on the dollar. 

 Youngstown has water works, gas and electric 

 lights, a paid fire department, telegraph and 

 telephone facilities, paved, curbed, and sewered 

 streets, 2 daily and 3 weekly newspapers (one of 

 the last being in the German language), and a 

 street railway propelled by electricity. Three 

 national banks, in 1888, had an aggregate capi- 

 tal of $900,000. and 1 savings bank a capital of 

 $49,150. The public schools had in 1888 an 

 average daily attendance of 2,701. There are 10 

 public-school buildings, valued at $335,000, in 

 which 57 teachers are employed. 



Zanesville, a city and the county seat of 

 Muskingum County, Ohio, on Muskingum river 

 at the head of slack-water navigation, 74 miles 

 north of Marietta and 60 miles east of Co- 

 lumbus. The population in 1890 was 21,117. 

 It was originally called the town of Woodbourne 

 when plotted in 1798 ; a few years later it was 

 given the name of the surveyor of the " Zane 



trace." In 1809 Zanesville became the capital of 

 Ohio, and it enjoyed the distinction two years. 

 In the early years of her history the thriving 

 town became a prosperous -manufacturing center, 

 and the unexcelled water power afforded by 

 Muskingum and Licking rivers was utilized. 

 With the march of progress the water wheels 

 were largely displaced by steam, but still the cur- 

 rent of the two rivers furnishes the motive power 

 for many mills and factories. The manufacture 

 of machinery mining, v ore crushing, smelting, 

 and for agricultural purposes forms the leading 

 industry, and the value of the product reaches 

 large figures annually. Here was born the porta- 

 ble engine forty years ago, and its manufacture 

 is still continued. The superiority of native 

 clays is manifest in the production of encaustic 

 tiles not surpassed in the world. This business 

 has grown to enormous proportions, necessitating 

 an immediate enlargement of the plant. The 

 manufacture of building and paving brick is a 

 great industry, and only within recent years have 

 the citizens of the valley come to realize the value 

 of the clays in the hills surrounding the city and 

 skirting the river for many miles south. Coal 

 is abundant, easily mined, and cheap. In not a 

 few instances the fuel is delivered on truck cars 

 from the mine to the factory, or transported a 

 short distance over steam railways. Eight rail- 

 roads enter the city, and with Muskingum river, 

 now under control of the United States Gov- 

 ernment, furnish superior shipping facilities. 

 A belt line connects the railway system of the 

 city. Two large laundry-soap factories are locat- 

 ed here. There are 30 churches, 25 school- 

 houses, a public library, and an orphans' home. 

 An electric plant and the oldest gas works, save 

 one, in Ohio, furnish light. Three daily, 6 weekly, 

 and 2 Sunday newspapers are published in the 

 city. The financial business is conducted by 6 

 banks. An electric street railway traverses the 

 city. The water-works system is well-nigh per- 

 fect, and, together with a well-organized fire de- 

 partment, has kept the maximum loss by fire 

 below an average of $20,000 annually for fifteen 

 years. The growth of Zanesville since 1860 has 

 been uninterrupted. 



COLOMBIA, a republic in South America. 

 The federation, through the revolution of 1885, 

 was changed into a centralized government, the 

 nine sovereign States being reduced to depart- 

 ments administered by governors appointed by the 

 President of the republic, whose term of office 

 was extended to six years, instead of two. The 

 Senate consists of 27 members, three from each 

 department, and the House of Representatives of 

 66 members, elected by universal suffrage on a 

 collective ticket for each department in the pro- 

 portion of one member for each 50,000 inhab- 

 itants. The President is Don Rafael Nunez, who 

 entered on his office on June 4, 1887. (For de- 

 tails of area and population see " Annual Cyclo- 

 paedia " for 1886 and 1887). 



Finances. For the year ending June 9 

 1890, the revenue was estimated at 18,173,700 

 pesos, and the expenditure at 23,852,806 pesos. 

 For 1890-'91 the estimate of revenue is 19,540,- 

 700 pesos, and of expenditure 24,513,232 pesos. 

 The revenue is mainly derived from customs. 

 The domestic debt is officially given as 29.605,- 

 551 pesos, not reckoning 7,500,000 pesos due on 



