COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 



161 



$23,156,737; Germany, $4,824,991; France, $3,- 

 576,529; other European countries, $6,284,803; 

 British America, $3,520,437 ; and Spanish Ameri- 

 ca, the remainder of the total of $42,658,015. Of 

 the wheat exports, amounting to $45,275,906, 

 more than two thirds, or $31,470,318 went to 

 England, $3,233,618 to France, $6,037,134 to 

 other countries of Europe, $1,913,821 to British 

 North America, $47,585 to Central America, and 

 $2,573,430 to all other countries. Of the exports 

 of wheat flour, reaching in 1890 the high figure 

 of $57,036,168, the British Islands took $35,428,- 

 024; other European countries, $3,489,661 ; Brit- 

 ish America, $3,643,428 ; the West Indies, $5,468,- 

 314 ; Brazil, $3,304,990 ; and other American coun- 

 tries, the remainder, except $1,747,197 that went 

 to Asia and Oceanica. The railroad and street cars 

 and carriages went mainly to the Central and 

 South American countries, the Argentine Re- 

 public being the largest customer. More than 

 two thirds of the coal exports were for British 

 America. Nearly all the copper ore and half of 

 the copper was shipped to England. Of the raw 



I cotton, 1,452,576,103 pounds went to England, 

 418,820,516 to Germany, 242,379,218 to France, 

 314,752,696 to other parts of Europe, 29,236,621 

 to Canada, 13,047,474 to Mexico, and 987,225 to 

 other countries. The exports of cotton cloth 



i went to Spanish America and to other parts of 

 the world as well, China being the heaviest cus- 

 tomer of all, taking $19,369,356 yards, valued at 



i $1,223,965. Furs and skins went almost alto- 



' gether to the English market, the German pur- 

 chases amounting to only $519,431, one half as 

 much as in 1889. Of sewing machines, England 



i was the largest buyer, and Germany came next, 

 the two taking more than one half, while the rest 



| were distributed in many countries, Mexico and 



i Australia receiving the next largest shares. 

 Steam engines and machinery were still more 

 evenly distributed through the world, a larger 

 proportion going to new countries. The leather 

 went chiefly to Europe, England buying more 



| than two thirds of the sole leather and nearly 

 the whole of the other kinds. Three quarters of 



i the naval stores went to Europe, being evenly 



i divided between Great Britain and the Conti- 

 nent. Of the oil cake and oil-cake meal, England 

 consumed about 70, and Germany 15 per cent. 

 France imported two thirds of the crude mineral 

 oil ; of the refined, 145,950,324 gallons went to 

 Germany, 89,032,687 to Great Britain, 9,372,178 

 to France, 140,416,211 to other countries of Eu- 

 rope, 44,033,265 to British India, 13,074,669 to 

 China, 8,399,738 to Australasia, 72,525,163 to other 

 countries in Asia and other islands of the Pacific, 

 8,451,842 to Africa, and the rest to American 

 countries, among which Brazil took 8,848,011, 

 Mexico 5,413.483, and the West Indies 4,521,819 

 gallons, Except nearly one ninth of the par- 

 affine, which was used by Germany, almost all 

 the rest was used by Great Britain. The British 

 custom for canned beef was even more prepond- 

 erant than usual ; 64,265,020 out of the total of 

 82,666,247 pounds went to England, and the next 

 largest quantity, namely, 4,239,891 pounds, to 

 Germany. All the fresh beef except an insig- 

 nificant fraction was sent to Great Britain. The 

 salted and cured beef was more generally dis- 

 tributed, though England still consumed nearly 

 two thirds of the entire export. Nineteen twen- 

 VOL. xxx. 11 A 



tieths of the tallow went to Europe, and of this 

 the Continent used somewhat more than the 

 British Islands. Of the 531,899,677 pounds of 

 bacon sent out of the country 450,466,037 pounds 

 were shipped to England, 2,106,234 to Germany, 

 56,084,179 to other European countries, 11,646,- 

 194 to the British possessions in America, and 

 the remaining 11,500,000 or so were divided be- 

 tween the West Indies and South America. Of 

 the hams, 76,591,279 pounds altogether, England 

 received 64,878,007 ; the rest of Europe, 5,489,592 ; 

 the West Indies, 3,076,909 ; and British America, 

 1,659,177. The lard shipments to Great Britain 

 were 150,808,980 pounds ; to Germany, 116,527,- 

 934; to France, 44,348,149; to the rest of Eu- 

 rope, 73,022,853 ; to the West Indies, 43,232,602 ; 

 to Brazil, 17,920,500 ; to British America, 5,385,- 

 075. Of the oleomargarine, Germany took 9,551,- 

 890 pounds, Great Britain, 2,618,428, and France 

 1,142,474 pounds, while 55,517,804 pounds went 

 to other parts of Europe. Of the butter, 15,448,- 

 163 pounds went to Great Britain. 3,734,573 to 

 Germany, 3,643,057 to the West Indies, 3,249,037 

 to other European countries, and the rest to 

 American countries ; of the cheese, 81,875,298 

 pounds went to Great Britain and 11,453,860 to 

 Germany, the rest of the total of 95,376,053 

 pounds to the West Indies and other countries. 

 The largest consumers of the refined sugar ex- 

 ports were the West Indies, Colombia, and Brit- 

 ish North America. Great Britain took consid- 

 erably more than one half and the rest of Europe 

 nearly one quarter of the turpentine. The to- 

 bacco, amounting in total quantity to 255,647,026 

 pounds, was distributed in the following propor- 

 tions : Great Britain and Ireland, 80,380,721 ; 

 Germany, 57,371,935; France, 22,804,565; other 

 countries in Europe, 77,328,675 ; British America, 

 7,114,024; Mexico, 1,349,203; and the West In- 

 dies. 2,740,177 pounds; smaller quantities going 

 to other countries in America, Asia, Africa, and 

 Oceanica. The largest purchasers of manufact- 

 ured tobacco were the Australians, the English, 

 the South Americans, and the Germans. The 

 lumber exports were divided mainly between 

 Spanish America and Europe, a considerable 

 quantity going also to Australia. 



Movement of Specie. The great expansion 

 of the export trade of 1890, leaving a large bal- 

 ance in favor of the United States, had a corre- 

 sponding effect on the specie exports. The net 

 export of coin and bullion for the year amounted 

 to $18,172,094, against $67,678,460 in 1889. The 

 total exports of gold and silver coin and bullion 

 in 1890 were $52,148,420, against $96,641,533 in 

 1889. The exports of domestic coin and bullion 

 fell away from $80,214,994 to $35,782,189, while 

 those of foreign coin and bullion remained 

 about the same, being $16,366,231 in 1890, 

 against $16,426,533 in 1889. In September, 1889, 

 and again in May, 1890, the monthly reports 

 showed a small excess of imports of specie, and 

 the highest excess of exports was $5,285,757 in 

 July, 1889, the last symptom of the drain that 

 took $34,528,774 out of the country during the two 

 preceding months. The gold imports in 1889-'90 

 amounted to $12,943,342, consisting of $2,391.- 

 395 of bullion, $1,949,552 of United States coin, 

 and $8.602,395 of foreign coin. The exports of 

 domestic gold were $13,403,632, of which $9,451,- 

 896 consisted of bullion, and $3,951,736 of 



