270 



EAST AFRICA. 



rendered to the German commander at Saadani 

 on April 4, and furnished porters for Emin 

 Pasha's expedition. Emin's mission was not to 

 forestall the English in Equatoria or Uganda, 

 but to cultivate friendly relations with the Arabs 

 and with the native tribes within the undoubted 

 sphere of German influence, to protect the Catho- 

 lic missions established there, and to consider the 

 most practicable locations and means for found- 

 ing military stations to guard the trade routes and 

 suppress the traffic in slaves. The rifle and the 

 Bible were relied on, Caprivi told the Reichstag, 

 to destroy the slave trade, which could never be 

 stopped till the slave dealers were killed. 



Reconquest of the Slave Forts. The sub- 

 jugation of the southern coast districts, where the 

 slave trade was still carried on, had been post- 

 poned, owing to the renewal of the disturbances 

 in the north, which became entirely quiet after 

 Banaheri was amnestied. An additional force of 

 COO Soudanese was engaged for the operations 

 against the southern ports. The chief of these 

 was the ancient town of Kilwa, whence the ex- 

 port of slaves drawn from the lake countries and 

 the Congo State to Mafia, the Comoros, and 

 Madagascar was not interrupted nor in the 

 slightest degree checked by the blockade. The 

 coast from the Rufije to the Rovuma was de- 

 clared in a state of war. The " Carola" and the 

 " Schwalbe " opened fire on Kilwa on May 3, and 

 were answered by muzzle-loaders from the strong 

 fortifications on the sea side. Major Wissmann, 

 who had landed 1,200 Nubian troops at Kismani, 

 advanced to the attack from the south, while 

 launches carrying revolver-cannons executed a 

 diversion against the seaward front. This stra- 

 tegic precaution was unnecessary. The wooden 

 buildings of which the city was largely composed 

 were leveled to the ground by a conflagration, 

 the Arab garrison had fled after plundering the 

 stores of the Indian merchants, and these with 

 their families had fled to the fields to escape the 

 bursting bombs. The German troops entered 

 the deserted city and hoisted their flag over its 

 ruins. With the exception of Lindi, the termi- 

 nus of the caravan route from Lake Nyassa, the 

 Arabs of other places on the coast accepted the 

 German proposals for their capitulation. Sev- 

 eral slight conflicts in the neighborhood of 

 Ijindi resulted in favor of the Germans, and after 

 an effective bombardment the town was occupied 

 on May 10. Mikindani, farther south, was oc- 

 cupied without fighting on May 14. These three 

 towns were fortified and garrisoned like the sta- 

 tions in the north, viz., Tanga, Pangani. Mkwad- 

 ja, Saadani. Bsgamojo, and Dar-es-Salaam. 



Witu and South Somaliland. The Sul- 

 tanate of Witu. having an area of 520 square 

 miles, was made a German protectorate by virtue 

 of concessions granted by the sultan to the Ger- 

 man Witu Company, and in 1889 a protectorate 

 was proclaimed over 175 miles of the Somali 

 coast claimed by the sultan, extending to the 

 southern limit of the district of Kismayu be- 

 longing to the Sultan of Zanzibar on the river 

 Juba. The Germans, who were already in posses- 

 sion of the caravan routes from the Zanzibar 

 coast, by pushing up the Tana or Juba river 

 could ;join their territory here to that of the Ger- 

 man East Africa Company near Kilimandjaro, 

 shutting off British east Africa from extension 



inland, and could extend their influence into 

 Uganda and the Nile region. The English ac- 

 cused the Germans of sharp practice in not 

 abandoning their pretensions to any part of the 

 coast north of the sphere of British influence 

 agreed on in 1886. But the German Govern- 

 ment, which could have claimed a large part 

 the Somali coast by virtue of treaties made with 

 Dr. Juhlke, and had yielded its preferentia 

 rights to win British good-will, clung to the di 

 trict where German interests were establishe 

 the more resolutely when the English showed 

 every disposition to thwart German enterprises 

 and when the British Government might be 

 driven to support the scheme of a continuous 

 band of British territory from the Cape to the 

 Nile delta. If Great Britain, rejecting the Hin- 

 terland doctrine, claimed the lake regions be- 

 hind the agreed German sphere, beyond the 

 line where the first parallel of southern latitude 

 strikes the shore of Victoria Nyanza, then Ger- 

 many held the key to the British Hinterland, 

 and could extend her political and commercial 

 conquests into the Soudan and across the conti- 

 nent till her west and east possessions joined. 



Dr. Carl Peters set out with a well-equipped 

 expedition with the ostensible object of rescu- 

 ing Emin Pasha, another object being to ac- 

 quire the Equatorial Province and other regions 

 in rear of the British sphere for Germany, but 

 his stores and weapons were seized as contra- 

 band at Zanzibar and he was forbidden to land 

 on the blockaded coast by Admiral Premantle, 

 the British commander. By a ruse he escaped 

 the vigilance of the British ships, and on June 

 15, 1889, landed in Kwyhu Bay. just beyond the 

 limits of the blockade, marched round behind 

 Lamu to Witu, and with Lieut. Von Tiedemann, 

 11 Askari guards, 60 porters, and 25 camels 

 and donkeys went up Tana river in the middle 

 of July. An English party, sent out by the 

 British East Africa Company, preceded* him 

 to prevent his buying food, which his follow- 

 ers, 8 of whom carried repeating rifles, could 

 only get by fighting. He was attacked by Gal- 

 las, was obliged to fight his way through Ma- 

 sailand. and on Jan. 7, 1890, having made treat- 

 ies with the tribes that he met at Mount Kenia, 

 reached Baringo Lake, where he raised the Ger- 

 man flag. On Jan. 30, at Kavirondo, he fell in 

 with a part of the expedition of F. J. Jackson, 

 an agent of the British company who was sent 

 out to make treaties and head off 'Peters. Jack- 

 son was afraid to enter Uganda, where a civil 

 war was raging ; but Peters pushed on, and 

 when he learned that Emin had departed with 

 Stanley, he joined the Christian party, who had 

 fled to the islands of Lake Victoria. * He helped 

 King Mwanga to overpower the Arabs, drilled his 

 troops, and induced him to sign the Congo act 

 and forbid the slave traffic. Leaving Uganda, 

 he raised the German flag at Usukuma on April 

 17, fought his way through Neera, followed 

 Wembaere river, which is the southeastern bor- 

 der of the Masai country, passed through Iramba 

 and Ussure, hoisting the German flag in both 

 places, gained a victory in Ugogo with his maga- 

 zine rifles over 1,500 of the Sultan Makenga's 

 warriors, and arrived at Mpwapwa, where Emin 

 Pasha was on the lookout for him, on June 19, 

 having 36 porters and 10 Somalis left. 



