ECUADOR. 



EGYPT. 



273 



thence is drawn direct to the point on the east- 

 ern side of Victoria Nyanza which is intersected 

 by the first parallel of south latitude; thence, 

 crossing the lake, it follows that parallel to the 

 frontier of the Congo Free State, where it termi- 

 nates. It is understood that on the west side 

 of the lake Mount Mfumbiro shall be included 

 in the British sphere; and if that mountain 

 prove to lie to the south of 1 of south latitude 

 the line shall be deflected so as to exclude it, 

 but shall, nevertheless, return so as to terminate 

 at the above-named point. 



2. To the south by a line which, starting on 

 the coast at the northern limit of the province 

 of Mozambique, follows the course of the river 

 Rovuma to the point of confluence of the Msinje ; 

 thence it runs westward along the parallel of 

 that point till it reaches Lake Nyassa ;. thence, 

 striking northward, it follows the eastern, north- 

 ern, and western shores of the lake to the north- 

 ern bank of the mouth of the river Songwe ; it as- 

 cends that river to the point of its intersection by 

 the thirty-third degree of east longitude; thence it 

 follows the river to the point where it approaches 

 most nearly the boundary of the geographical 

 Congo Basin defined in the first article of the 

 act of Berlin. From that point it strikes direct to 

 the above-named boundary, and follows it to the 

 point of its intersection by the thirty-second de- 

 gree of east longitude, from which point it strikes 

 direct to the point of confluence of the northern 

 and southern branches of the river Kilambo, 

 and thence follows that river till it enters Lake 

 Tanganyika. 



3. To* the west by a line which, from the mouth 

 of the river Kilambo to the first parallel of south 

 latitude, is conterminous with the Congo Free 

 State. 



The sphere in which the exercise of influence 

 is reserved to Great Britain is bounded : 



1. To the south by the above-mentioned line 

 running from the mouth of the river Umba to 

 the point where the first parallel of south lati- 

 tude reaches the Congo Free State. 



2. To the north by a line beginning on the 

 coast at the north bank of the mouth of the river 

 Juba ; thence it ascends that bank of the river 

 and is conterminous with the territory reserved 

 to the influence of Italy in Gallaland and Abys- 

 sinia as far as the confines of Egypt. 



3. To the west by the Congo Free State and 

 by the western watershed of the basin of the up- 

 per Nile. 



ECUADOR, a republic in South America, 

 constituted in 1830 on the dissolution of the 

 confederation of New Granada. The President 

 is chosen for four years by 900 electors. The 

 Senate consists of 34 members, two from each 

 province. The members of the lower house of 

 Congress are elected in the proportion of one 

 for every 30,000 of the population by all male 

 adults professing the Catholic religion and able 

 to read and write. Dr. Antonio Flores was 

 chosen to the presidency of the republic on 

 June 30, 1888. 



Area and Population. The area of Ecuador 

 is estimated at 118,630 square miles. The boun- 

 daries between it and Colombia and Peru are in 

 dispute. The population is 1,004,651, of whom 

 60 per cent, are of Indian blood, 10 per cent, of 

 Spanish descent, and 30 per cent, of mixed race. 

 VOL. xxx. 18 A 



There are besides the wild Indians of the eastern 

 provinces and on the eastern slope of the Andes, 

 of whom there is no enumeration. Quito, the 

 political capital, has about 80,000, and Guaya- 

 quil, the commercial center, 40,000 inhabitants. 

 Elementary education is free and compulsory, 

 and in the 805 primary schools 60,000 pupils are 

 in attendance. The military forces in 1889 num- 

 bered 3,000 men. 



Commerce. The import trade is divided 

 chiefly between the English, the Germans, and 

 the French, the share of the United States being 

 about 8 per cent. The exports advanced from 

 4,915,120 sucres in 1885 (the sucre is equal to the 

 5-franc piece, though in exchange the value is 

 only 75 cents) to 10,119,488 sucres in 1887, one 

 half of the latter sum representing the cocoa 

 export. Coffee, hides, India-rubber, vegetable 

 ivory, cinchona bark, gold, and silver are some 

 of the other products of the country. The for- 

 eign commerce passes through the port of Guay- 

 aquil, where 154 steamers, of 176,288 tons, were 

 entered and 153, of 175,639 tons, cleared in 1888. 

 Nearly two thirds of the shipping was British. 

 In the agricultural districts on the western side 

 of the Andes, river steamers built in the United 

 States ply on the Guayes, Daule, and Vinces. A 

 company, which has the salt monopoly till 1898, 

 worth 100,000 sucres a year, has built a railroad 

 from Duran, opposite Guayaquil, to Chimbo, 

 about 50 miles. There are about 1,200 miles of 

 telegraphs in the republic. The monetary cir- 

 culation consists of about 500,000 sucres in sil- 

 ver coin and 3,000,000 sucres of bank notes, se- 

 cured by a coin reserve of one third of that 

 amount. Under the coinage law of March, 1884, 

 1,835,000 sucres in silver had been coined up to 

 the end of 1889. 



Finance. More than half the revenue is de- 

 rived from import duties collected at the port 

 of Guayaquil, which yielded 2.856,241 sucres in 

 1887. The next largest revenue comes from the 

 tithes collected on all produce for the church, 

 of which the state retains one third. The last 

 published accounts relate to 1887, when the reve- 

 nue amounted to 4,479.004 and the expenditure 

 to 4,428,597 sucres. For 1890 the expenditure 

 was estimated at 4,429,236 sucres. The foreign 

 debt, owed in England, was readjusted in 1885, 

 when it had paid no interest for seventeen years, 

 and it has paid none since. The amount, exclu- 

 sive of arrear.8, is 9,120.000 sucres. The internal 

 debt, with unpaid interest, is 4,820,648 sucres. 



EGYPT, a principality in northern Africa, 

 tributary to Turkey. The reigning Khedive is 

 Mohammed Tewfik, born Nov. 19, 1852, who 

 succeeded his father, Ismail, when the latter, on 

 June 26, 1879, was compelled to abdicate by the 

 English and French governments, which inter- 

 vened in behalf of the foreign creditors. The Gov- 

 ernment was thenceforward conducted under the 

 direction of two Comptrollers-General, appointed 

 by France and Great Britain, till 1882, when a 

 military and national revolt, led by Arabi Pasha ^ 

 was suppressed through the armed intervention 

 of England alone. On Jan. 18, 1883, the Khedive, 

 in accordance with the demand of England, abol- 

 ished the dual control and appointed an English 

 financial adviser, whose concurrence is requisite 

 in all financial measures, and who has a right to 

 sit in the Council of Ministers and to take part 



