GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS IN 1890. 



away by the slayers ; and one day we scattered a ban.- 

 quetin^ party who had just bled u woman in the 

 neck, laid her out. and washed her. There were pots 

 close by ; there were also bunches of bananas ; and 

 the woman belonged to a hostile band. The inference 

 is obvious ; and any one of our band of whites could 

 furnish much circumstantial evidence of this kind. 

 As the pygmies appear to have no earthly duties be- 

 yond providing for the necessities of the day, there is 

 not the slightest doubt that a slain foe would be 

 eaten. When we asked our captives whether they 

 had ever indulged their depraved appetites by eating 

 human meat, they always stoutly denied it, but ac- 

 cused their neighbors of doing so. 



The pygmies neither hoe, plant, nor manufact- 

 ure. Everything they have was acquired by pur- 

 chase or theft. Their weapons consist of a small 

 barbed spear, a short bow with a quiver full of 

 wooden- or iron-pointed arrows, a dagger, and a 

 small double-edged knife attached by a string. 

 The bow is of tough red-wood, and the string is 

 a broad polished strip of rattan fiber. Some- 

 times the bow is run into a raw monkey-tail, 

 which, on drying, gives greater strength. The 

 arrows are from 18 to 22 inches long. Mr. Stan- 

 ley says : 



If of wood, each is of the thickness of a lead pencil, 

 filed to a long, fine point, which is ringed with small 

 cuts for 3 inches from the end. These cuts serve to 

 retain the poison with which the arrows are smeared. 

 If the arrows are pointed with iron, the blades are of 

 exquisite fineness, as of a razor blade, with two or sev- 

 eral prongs extending outward, and attached to deli- 

 cate little barrels of polished iron, into which the 

 heads of the arrow shafts are run. The arrow blades 

 have also grooves made in them which serve to secure 

 thb poison as they are put into or drawn out of the 

 quiver. The quiver is a long, narrow bag made of 

 antelope-goat hide, and can contain quite 100 of these 

 deadly arrows. 



Stanley says that when his men first encoun- 

 tered the pygmies armed with these little arrows 

 they regarded them with contempt : 



The wounds made were mere punctures, such as 

 might have been made by finely pointed butchers' 

 skewers, and being exceedingly ignorant of the effect, 

 we contented ourselves with syringing them with 

 warm water aad dressing them with bandages. In no 

 instance was this method of any avail. All who were 

 wounded either died after terrible sufferings from 

 tetanus, or developed such dreadful gangrenous tu- 

 mors as to incapacitate them from duty for long pe- 

 riods, or wreck their constitutions so completely by 

 blood-poisoning that their lives became a burden to 

 them. 



It was a long time before an antidote could be 

 found for this poison, but after hypodermic in- 

 jections of carbonate of ammonium in the neigh- 

 borhood of the wounds were tried, losses of life 

 were much less. 



In reference to the pastural land and its tribes, 

 Mr. Stanley said, in an address before the Royal 

 Geographical Society : 



In equatorial Africa the pasture land adapted for 

 cattle generally begins at an altitude 3,200 feet above 

 the sea ; but the best and most nourishing grasses are 

 found above 4,000 feet. The forest ends completely 

 at 3,500 teet, and the land soon afterward varies from 

 4,000 to 6,000, and extends in a belt parallel with the 

 Albert lake and between the lakes Victoria and Tan- 

 ganyika down to Ukawendi, and from Abyssinia and 

 east of the Victoria, down to the Rufrji. In the intra- 

 lake region are the nations of Ankori, Uganda, Un- 

 yoro, Karagwe, Mpororo, Ihangiro, Uhaiva, Uzon- 

 gora, Uzinja, Kuanda, Urundi, Uhha, and Unyam- 



wezi. On the grassy plateau, parallel with Lake Al- 

 bert, we found quite a mixed race, called the Bavira, 

 Balegga, and Wahuma. The latter named differ as 

 much in their physiognomy, customs, and character- 

 istics from the other two as an octoroon differs from 

 a negro. The Wahuma are very numerous in Unyoro 

 and Uganda, throughout the intra-lake region, espe- 

 cially in Ankori. Their sole occupation is keeping 

 cattle. As you proceed further south and reach Un- 

 yamwezi, the Wahuma become known as Watusi. In 

 Unyoro they are known as Waima and Wacbwezi; 

 among the Bavira and Balegga they are called Wa- 

 witu ; but all the Wahuma, Wachwczi, Wawitu, and 

 Watusi speak the same language ; therefore we class 

 them under the generic term Wahuma. They are 

 distinguished from among the agricultural classes, 

 with whom they live as herdsmen, by their complex- 

 ion, length of limbs, small head and ears, long, slender 

 hands and feet, and regular features. Among the 

 purest families these distinctions are very marked, the 

 complexion being frequently like the color of yellow 

 ivory. They do not hesitate to tell us disdainfully 

 that they are not hoemen if we seek to purchase 

 grain or potatoes from them. The produce of their 

 dairies suffices, with a few hides, to purchase all the 

 vegetable food they need. They will live among the 

 hoemen and allow their cattle to graze on the pasture 

 in the land, but will build their huts and zeribus sepa- 

 rate, and apart altogether from the villages of the 

 Bother class ; they will employ female servants, or own 

 female slaves, but they will not cohabit with them. 

 And the Wahuma race grow side by side with the 

 darker agricultural class without taint by preserving 

 their customs intact. Wheresoever they obtained the 

 idea, they believe that the other class is infinitely be- 

 low them ; and absolute destruction of their com- 

 munities and disruption of their families will not in- 

 duce them, except on very rare occasions, to mingle 

 their blood with any of the agricultural class, fiut 

 yet, as we proceed further south, we find that at some 

 time there nas been an admixture of the two races, 

 which has produced a composite race which unites 

 the characteristics of both the superior and inferior 

 race, and who are both agriculturists and herdsmen 

 combined, as in Europe. It has been a subject of en- 

 grossing interest to me to discover why I find among 

 a nation in the far interior pure negroes, a composite 

 of the Wahmna and negroes, and the pure Wahuma. 

 I am about to give you the deductions drawn from 

 about 24,000 miles of travel in Abyssinia, Ashantee, 

 the Livingstone search, across Africa, two expeditions 

 up the Congo, the explorations of certain tracts on the 

 east coast and elsewhere, with this last expedition for 

 the quest and rescue of Emin. 



Probably many of you have had an idea that the 

 Africans are all negroes, and I feel sure that if the 

 various types of Africans were suddenly presented to 

 you on this platform you would still be ready to affirm 

 that they were negroes ; but you must permit me to 

 say that you would commit a grave error. 



I have already spoken to you of one race inhabiting 

 that great equatorial forest, the pygmies, who are a 

 diminutive negro race, despite the fact that they are 

 divided into two distinct types the dark, long-head- 

 ed, prognathous-jawed, and a lighter, round-headed, 

 broad-iaced type. You also know the true negro of 

 West and Southeast Africa, characterized bv wooly 

 hair, expanded nose, and sunken nasal ridge, fitt, 

 everted lips, and exceeding prognathy. You also 

 know the tall, war-like Zulu and Caffre, who are not 

 pure negroes, but negroid. You must accept them as 

 types of the composite race I just spoke to you about. 



Next comes the Mhuma, and if you wish a rough 

 and ready picture of him you must imagine a tradi- 

 tional lanky New Englander, darkened with burned 

 cork, with a negroid wig ; or plant a Zulu and a Hin- 

 du before you and produce an Indo-African type out 

 of the compound features regular, hair curlv but 

 silky, small round head, shapely neck, small thin 

 lips, small ears, slender hands and feet, tall, and per- 

 fect in figure from the knees upward. That is the 



