GERMANY. 



367 



Parliament, consisting of 397 Deputies elected 

 by ballot and by universal suffrage, one for every 

 118,000 of the population. The military and 

 political affairs of the empire are under the su- 

 preme direction of the Emperor, who has power 

 to make treaties, declare war for defensive pur- 

 poses, conclude peace, and appoint and receive 

 ambassadors. For an offensive war he must 

 have the consent of the Bundesrath. This body, 

 which is presided over by the Chancellor of the 

 Empire, consists of 58 members, Prussia being 

 represented by 17, Bavaria by 6, Wiirternberg 

 and Saxony by 4 each, Baden and Hesse by 3 

 each, Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Brunswick by 

 2 each, and Oldenburg, Saxe- Weimar, Mecklen- 

 burg-Strelitz, Saxe-Meiningen, Anhalt, Saxe- 

 Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg, Waldeck-Lippe, 

 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sonders- 

 hausen, Reuss- Schleiz, Schaumburg - Lippe, 

 Reuss-Greiz, and the free cities of Hamburg, 

 Liibeck, and Bremen each by a single member. 

 The Imperial Province of Alsace-Lorraine is 

 represented by 4 commissioners nominated by 

 the Statth alter, who have no votes. All laws 

 of the empire must receive a majority of the 

 votes of both the Bundesrath and the Reichstag 

 and the assent of the Emperor. 



The reigning Emperor is Wilhelm II, born 

 Jan. 27, 1859, who succeeded his father, Fried- 

 rich, on June 15, 1888. The heir apparent is 

 the Emperor's oldest son, Friedrich Wilhelm, 

 born May 26, 1884. 



The Chancellor of the Empire at the begin- 

 ning of 1890 was Prince Otto von Bismarck- 

 Schonhausen, born April 1, 1815, who filled the 

 offices of Vice-President of the Council of State, 

 President of the Council of Ministers, Minister 

 of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of Commerce 

 and Industry. The Secretary of State for For- 

 eign Affairs was Count Herbert von Bismarck- 

 Schonhausen, son of the Chancellor ; Secretary 

 of State in the office of the Interior and Vice- 

 President of the Council of Ministers, Herr von 

 Botticher; Minister of Public Works, Herr von 

 Maybach ; Minister of Agriculture, Baron Lucius 

 von Ballhausen ; Minister of Worship, Dr. von 

 Gossler ; Minister of Finance, Dr. von Scholz ; 

 Minister of the Interior, Herr Herrfurth ; Min- 

 ister of Justice, Dr. von Schelling; Minister of 

 War, Gen. von Verdy du Vernois ; Secretary of 

 State in the Post-Office Department, Dr. von 

 Stephan ; Secretary of State in the Department 

 of Justice, Herr von Oehlschlager ; Secretary of 

 State in the Imperial Admiralty Office, Rear- 

 Ad miral Heusner ; Secretary of State in the Im- 

 perial Treasury, Baron von Maltzahn. 



Area and Population. The area of the 

 German Empire is 211,168 square miles. The 

 population, as determined by the census of Dec. 

 1, 1885, was 46,855,704, of whom 22,933,664 were 

 males and 23,922.040 females. There were 5,798,- 

 288 boys and 5,778,674 girls under ten years of 

 age, and 88,516 men and 113,939 women over 

 eighty years of age. Of the total population, 

 14,249,297 males" and 13,895,459 females, in all 

 28,144,756, were unmarried. 15,855,064 were mar- 

 ried, 67,794 were divorced, and 2,788,090, of 

 whom 2,037,206 were females, were widowed. 

 The total population in 1888 was estimated at 

 48,020,000. There are about 3,223,500 belonging 

 to non-Germanic races, including 2,513,500 Poles 



in East and West Prussia, Silesia, and Posen; 

 280,000 Walloons and French; 150,000 Lithu- 

 anians ; 140,000 Danes ; and 140,000 Wends, Mo- 

 ravians, and Bohemians. The number of for- 

 eigners residing in Germany in 1885 was 434,- 

 525, having increased from 275,856 in 1880. The 

 number of Austrians was 155,331 ; Russians, 48,- 

 853 ; Dutch, 45,270 ; Swiss, 36,902 ; French, 36,- 

 708 ; Danes, 20,848 ; British, 14,889 ; Swedes and 

 Norwegians, 13,174 ; Luxemburgers, 11.607 ; 

 other Europeans, 26,611; Americans, 15,017; 

 from other countries, 8,628. In 1885 the 21 

 large cities with over 100,000 inhabitants con- 

 tained 9-5 per cent, of the population, 116 medi- 

 um towns with from 20,000 to 100,000 inhab- 

 itants contained 8-9 per cent., 683 small towns 

 with from 5.000 to 20,000 inhabitants contained 

 12'9 per cent., 1,951 country towns having be- 

 tween 2,000 and 5,000 inhabitants contained 12-4 

 per cent., and 56'3 per cent, lived in villages or 

 in the open country. 



The number of marriages in 1888 was 376,654, 

 against 370,659 in 1887 ; the number of births 

 was 1,828,379, against 1,825,561 ; of deaths, 1,209- 

 798, against 1,220,405 ; the excess of births over 

 deaths, 618,581, against 605,155 in 1887, 512,396 

 in 1886, 530,185 in 1885, 522,083 in 1884, and 

 493,697 in 1883. 



According to the census of 1885 the number 

 of Protestants in Germany was 29,369,847, or 

 62-7 per cent, of the total population ; Catholics, 

 16.788,979, or 35'8 per cent. ; other Christians, 

 125,673, or 0-27 per cent. ; Jews, 563,172, or 1-2 

 per cent.; others, 11,278, or 0'02 per cent. In 

 Alsace-Lorraine the Catholics constituted 77*37 

 per cent, of the population; in Bavaria, 70-84 

 per cent. ; in Baden, 62'73 per cent. ; in Prussia, 

 33-98 per cent. ; in Wiirtemberg, 29-99 per cent. ; 

 in Hesse, 29-11 per cent.; in Oldenburg, 21-77 

 per cent. ; "in the rest of the empire, less than 

 3'6 per cent. 



The number of German emigrants sailing 

 from German ports and from Antwerp, Rotter- 

 dam, and Amsterdam in 1889 was 90,332, against 

 103,951 in 1888, 104,787 in 1887, 83,225 in 1886, 

 110,119 in 1885, and 149,065 in 1884, In the five 

 years 1879-'83 the average was 142,010, and in 

 1874-78 it was 30,086. Of the emigrants of 1889 

 49,497 were males and 40,692 females. The num- 

 ber of families was 13,557, comprising 50,328 

 persons. Of the total number. 84,497 were bound 

 for the United States, 2,412 for Brazil, 2,243 for 

 other American countries, 496 for Australia, 422 

 for Africa, and 262 for Asiatic countries. Be- 

 sides the German emigrants, 106,808 from other 

 countries embarked at German ports in 1889. 

 The emigration to the United States was less 

 than in any other year since 1880, with the ex- 

 ception of 1886. The German statistics of emi- 

 gration are below the real number for the reason 

 that they do not include the persons who leave 

 the country clandestinely to escape military duty 

 or for other reasons. The estimate of the United 

 States Treasury Department, which was 95,947 

 for 1889, is too large, because passengers are 

 counted who are not immigrants. The annual 

 emigration from West Prussia, Brandenburg, and 

 Pomerania for the past four years has been 

 from 0-5 to 1 per cent, of the total population. 

 From Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover, Oldenburg, 

 and Wiirtemberg there has been a large exodus 



