GERMANY. 



369 



mains and forests, 45,470,150 marks the financial 

 administration of the same, 102,943,243 marks 

 the administration of mines and other industrial 

 establishments, and 522.079,184 marks the cost 

 of railroad administration. The total charges 

 on the consolidated fund amount to 508,423.555 

 marks, including 200,661,791 marks for interest 

 and 46,835,531 marks for the sinking fund of the 

 debt, 155,754,017 marks as Prussia's contribution 

 to the expenditure of the Imperial Government, 

 93,589,581 marks for appanages, annuities, in- 

 demnities, etc., and 8,000,000 marks lately added 

 to the civil list of the King. The administrative 

 expenditure is estimated at the sum of 325,053,- 

 501 marks, of which 56,855,275 marks are re- 

 quired for the Ministry of Finance, 20,954,381 

 marks for the Ministry "of Public Works, 4,362,- 

 543 marks for the Ministry of Commerce and 

 Industry, 87,029,000 marks for the Ministry of 

 Justice, '43,840,441 marks for the Ministry of the 

 Interior, 14,894,255 marks for the Ministry of 

 Agricultural, Domains, and Forests, 92,480,572 

 marks for the Ministry of Public Worship and 

 Instruction, 3,982,342 marks for the Ministry of 

 State, 503,000 marks for the Ministry of Foreign 

 Affairs, and 121,752 marks for the Ministry of 

 War. The total ordinary expenditure is 1,543,- 

 458,873 marks, and the 'non-recurring expendi- 

 ture 48,215,069 marks. 



The Army. The Constitution established uni- 

 versal liability to military service, and under the 

 army law every German capable of bearing arms 

 must belong to the active army for three years 

 and to the reserve of the active army for four 

 jcars more. The well-behaved and proficient 

 are furloughed after two years of active service, 

 but are liable to be recalled at any time. Young 

 Germans usually begin their term of service at 

 the age of twenty. After completing the seven 

 years they are enrolled in the Landwehr, and 

 can be summoned for duty in the first ban for 

 the first five years and afterward in the second 

 ban till they are thirty-nine years old. The 

 Landsturm comprises in the first ban all able- 

 bodied young men between the ages of seventeen 

 and thirty-nine who have received any military 

 training and who do not form a part of the reg- 

 ular army or its reserve or of the Landwehr. 

 The second ban includes every one able to serve 

 between the ages of thirty-nine and forty-five, 

 whether he has received military training or not. 

 Of the 400,000 .men or more who arrive at the 

 age of twenty every year, about one fourth are 

 incapacitated by physical defects. The recruits 

 for the active army are drawn by lot, and the- 

 remainder of those who are capable of bearing 

 arms are enrolled in the Ersatztruppen, and are 

 liable to be called out for three periods of drill, 

 one of ten, one of six, and one of four weeks. 

 The period of service in the Ersatzreserve is 

 twelve years, at the end of which those who have 

 thus been called out pass into the first ban and 

 the rest into the second ban of the Landsturm. 

 Non-commissioned officers usually remain in the 

 army until they are no longer capable of active 

 service, when they often receive an appointment 

 to some petty civil office. About 8,000 one-year 

 volunteers who pay all their own expenses enter 

 the army annually. 



By the law of March 11, 1887, the peace effect- 

 ive was fixed for the next seven years at 468,409, 

 VOL. xxx. 24 A 



or 491,955, including the medical and administra- 

 tive services. According to the army budget 

 for 1889-'90, the 166 line regiments of infantry 

 number 10,364 officers and 310,144 men ; 21 

 battalions of riflemen, 446 officers and 11,773 

 men ; depot troops for 277 battalions of Land- 

 wehr, 385 officers and 4,862 men ; infantry sur- 

 geons, instructors, etc., 2,175 men : total infantry, 

 11,195 officers and 328,954 men. The 93 regi- 

 ments of cavalry number 2,359 officers and 64,,- 

 163 men, with 62,450 horses, exclusive of 848 

 officers and men on special service. The strength 

 of the 38 regiments of field artillery is 1,984 

 officers and 40,929 men. exclusive of 606 on 

 special service, with 22,457 horses and 1,538 

 guns. The foot artillery, consisting of 14 regi- 

 ments and 3 battalions, 'numbers 738 officers 

 and 17,244 men. besides 99 on special service. 

 The engineers, divided into 19 battalions of 

 pioneers, 1 regiment of railway troops, 1 rail- 

 way battalion, and 1 balloon detachment, number 

 562 officers and 12,247 men, besides 97 assigned 

 to special services. The train, of which there 

 are 18 battalions and 1 company, has 256 officers, 

 6,053 men, and 3,360 horses, besides 63 men on 

 special service. In special formations 367 of- 

 ficers and 979 men are employed, and 1,996 

 officers, with 216 men. are not attached to regi- 

 ments, making the total strength of the standing 

 army 19,457 officers, 472,498 men, 88,267 horses, 

 and 1,538 field guns. The active army, divided 

 into 19 army corps and 9 cavalry divisions, can 

 double its numbers in time of war and be further 

 increased by the 18 divisions of Landwehr, which 

 on mobilization will be divided into a field army 

 and a garrison army. The war strength in 1888 

 was estimated at 2.234,631 men, 3,358 guns, and 

 439,759 horses. This does not include the Land- 

 sturm, numbering about 700,000 trained men who 

 can only be called out to defend the frontiers 

 against 'foreign invasion. The active army on 

 the war footing numbered, exclusive of surgeons 

 and administrative officials, 22,377 officers and 

 942,408 rank and file, with 280,472 horses and 

 2,028 field pieces, and the reserve army had 9,536 

 officers and 354,915 men, with 72,963 'horses and 

 648 guns, making a total force for field opera- 

 tions of 31,913 officers, 1,297,323 men, 353,435 

 horses, and 2,676 guns. This still left a garrison 

 army of 16,209 officers and 868,627 men, with 86,- 

 324 horses and 882 field guns. 



The infantry till 1890 were armed with the 

 Mauser repeating rifle of the pattern of 1884, 

 which weighs 11| pounds with the bayonet, 

 carries nine cartridges in the magazine, besides 

 one in the chamber, and has an extreme range 

 of'3,300 yards. Instead of the converted Mauser 

 a new infantry weapon, adapted for smokeless 

 powder and having a perfected Mannlicher mech- 

 anism, was approved in 1888. By the aid of 

 improved machinery the factories at Spandau. 

 Dantsic, and Erfurt produced the new rifles at 

 a rate never before known. By Feb. 26, 1890, 

 they ^\iere in the hands of the whole Ninth 

 Corps, and before the end of the spring a large 

 part of the infantry of the standing army had 

 them, earlier than the French army was equipped 

 with Lebel rifles, the manufacture of which was 

 begun long before the German authorities had 

 settled upon the best pattern. The reserves of 

 the standing army were also armed with the 



