

GERMANY. 



373 



wine 37 per cent., of musical instruments and of 

 fine leather goods 35 per cent., of chloride of pot- 

 ash the same percentage, of potash and sulphuric 

 acid 30 per cent., of liquors and of rubber goods 

 25 per cent., of wood pulp 23 per cent., of ground 

 glass and of cement 22 per cent., of cotton laces 

 and of aniline and other colors 18 per cent., and 

 of alizarine 17 per cent, went to the United 

 States in 1889. Of the total imports of petroleum 

 77 per cent, came direct from the United States, 

 while Russia furnished only 9 per cent. The di- 

 rect importation of raw cotton from the United 

 States formed 46 per cent, of the total, that of 

 Indian corn 50 per cent., that of lard 75 per cent., 

 that of leaf tobacco 20 per cent., that of beef 22 

 per cent. Of the total imports from foreign 

 countries, as measured by weight, but excluding 

 coal, the United States furnished nearly 8 per 

 cent., and of the total exports, besides coal, 4| per 

 cent, went to the United States. 



Railroads. The length of railroads open to 

 traffic on Jan. 1, 1889, was 40,983 kilometres, or 

 25,450 miles, of which 35,440 kilometres were own- 

 ed by the state. Excluding subsidiary lines, the 

 network had a total length of 31,400 kilometres, 

 of which 11,980 kilometres had two or more 

 tracks. The Prussian railroads had a total length 

 of 25,601 kilometres ; the Bavarian, 5,395 kilo- 

 metres ; those of Saxony, 2,437 kilometres ; of 

 Wiirtemberg, 1,598 kilometres ; of Alsace-Lor- 

 raine, 1,467 kilometres; of Baden, 1,393 kilo- 

 metres; of Hesse, 1,016 kilometres; of Mecklen- 

 burg-Schwerin, 889 kilometres; of Oldenburg, 

 389 kilometres ; of Saxe- Weimar, 282 kilometres ; 

 of Saxe-Meiningen, 257 kilometres ; of Bruns- 

 wick, 134 kilometres ; of all the other states, 125 

 kilometres. The Union of German Railroads, 

 founded Nov. 10, 1846, and placed, on July 1, 

 1884, under the direction of the Railroad Depart- 

 ment of the Prussian Government, regulates the 

 traffic under arrangements agreed on between 

 the various governments and railroad administra- 

 tions on all the lines of Germany, Austria, Hol- 

 land, Luxemburg, and Russian Poland, and on 

 some of the railroads of Roumania and of Bel- 

 gium, having 71.054 kilometres under its super- 

 vision on Jan. 1, 1889. The capital outlay on 

 German railroads on March 31, 1888, when their 

 total length was 24,036 miles, was 9,938,253,000 

 marks. The receipts for the year were 1,094,442,- 

 000 marks and the expenditure was 587,973,000 

 marks, leaving a profit equal to 5'17 per cent, on 

 the capital. The receipts from 124.730,000 tons 

 of freight were 752,157,000 marks ; from 295,759,- 

 000 passengers, 295,007,000 marks; and from 

 other sources, 47,278,000 marks. 



The Post-Office and Telegraphs. The im- 

 perial postal and telegraph administration em- 

 braces all the German states excepting Bavaria 

 and Wiirtgrnberg, a total land area of 445,240 

 square kilometres, having a population in 1885 

 of 39,440,320 persons. The number of letters 

 carried by the imperial post-office in 1888 was 

 828,045,650 ; postal cards, 270,201,460 ; printed 

 inclosures, 269,879.980; samples, 20.196,200; 

 newspapers, 391,164,588; money forwarded, 16,- 

 459,873,033 marks. Adding the traffic of the 

 separate Bavarian and Wiirtemberg adminstra- 

 tions, there were 955,511,690 letters, 296,452,200 

 postal cards, 294,835,030 printed inclosures, 22,- 

 438,840 samples, and 724,781,010 journals carried 



in the mails, and 18,671,840,914 marks sent by 

 post-office orders. The receipts of the imperial 

 postal and telegraph administration in 1889 were 

 201,122,478 marks, and the expenses 174,580,- 

 481 marks ; the receipts of all three administra- 

 tions were 227,002.525 marks, and the expenses 

 196,556,855 marks. The telegraph lines of Ger- 

 many in the beginning of 1889 had a total length 

 of 57,763 miles, of which 50,293 miles were un- 

 der imperial administration, with 157,703 miles 

 of wires ; 5,548 miles, with 24,230 miles of wires, 

 in Bavaria; and 1,922 miles, with 4.800 miles of 

 wires, in Wurtemberg. The number of internal 

 telegrams sent in the imperial postal district was 

 13,838,152, besides 671,596 official dispatches ; in 

 the whole of Germany there were 15,515,351 paid 

 and 1,086,814 official inland messages forwarded 

 in 1888, and of international messages there were 

 3,127,716 sent, 3,359,255 received, and 1,001,187 

 forwarded in transit. 



Protectorates. In the beginning of 1890 

 countries embracing an area estimated at 952,- 

 720 square miles, with 1,590,000 inhabitants, had 

 been taken under the protectorate of the Emper- 

 or of Germany in Africa, and in the Pacific the 

 islands belonging to Germany had an area of 

 92,725 square miles, with a population of about 

 340,000. Togoland, on the Slave Coast, with the 

 territories of Porto Seguro and Little Popo, had 

 an area of 7,800 square miles with 40,000 inhab- 

 itants. The only trade is in palm oil and ivory. 

 The Cameroons region, on the Bight of Biafra, 

 besides these articles, exports cacao and tobacco, 

 grown by the German Plantation Society. The 

 Cameroons protectorate has a coast line of 190 

 miles, and extends inland from the Rio del Rey 

 creek to a point east of Yola, on the upper 

 Benue, and in the south from the mouth of the 

 Campo river to 15 of east longitude, the area 

 being estimated at 115,000 square miles and the 

 population at 500,000. In Togoland an import 

 duty on European goods was imposed in August, 

 1887, producing in the year ending March 31, 

 1889, 167,000 marks. In Cameroons the duty, 

 which has been collected since Jan.- 1, 1888, pro- 

 duced for the same period 76,000 marks. The 

 expenditure in Togoland for that year was 178,- 

 000 marks, and in Cameroons 94,000 marks. The 

 boundary between the Togo protectorate and 

 the British Gold Coast colony was delimited near 

 the coast by commissioners in July, 1886. After- 

 ward disputes arose as to the possession of the 

 Krepi country on Volta river. In the agree- 

 ment of July'l, 1890, the territory was divided 

 so as to give the northern part, with Kpandu, 

 Towe, Kowe, and Agotine, to Germany, and the 

 southern part, including Aquamoo and Peki, 

 to Great Britain, in accordance with a provis- 

 ional arrangement made in 1888, on the rec- 

 ommendation of the boundary commissioners. 

 The boundary line runs northward to 6 10'. of 

 north latitude, follows that parallel westward 

 to the river Aka, ascends that river to 6 20', 

 runs westward to the river Shavoe, follows that 

 stream till it reaches the parallel which it fol- 

 lows westward to the confluence of the Deine 

 and the Volta, and thence it ascends the Volta to 

 its confluence with the Dakka, where begins the 

 neutral zone agreed on in 1888. There is no river 

 corresponding with the Rio del Rey as marked 

 on the maps, and agreed on as the boundary 



