374 



GERMANY. 



between Cameroons and the Oil Rivers territory 

 of Great Britain, and therefore a provisional 

 line of demarkation has been adopted, running 

 from the head of the Rio del Rey creek to 9 8' 

 of east longitude. Neither Germany nor Great 

 Britain shall interfere with the free passage of 

 goods without payment of transit dues to the 

 north of the river Benue to and from the shores 

 of Lake Tchad, and each power promises to 

 notify the other of any treaties made with the 

 native tribes north of the Benue. The difficul- 

 ties in the Volta districts did not end with the 

 delimitation. When the Germans sent a force 

 in September to take possession of the Vosi dis- 

 trict that had been conceded to them, it was at- 

 tacked by the Krepis, and was compelled to 

 withdraw with several wounded. In the Came- 

 roons region the Germans have had difficulty 

 in exploring the interior, because the coast 

 tribes resent any attempt to communicate with 

 the tribes beyond, fearing that their trade prof- 

 its will be lost. Lieuts. Kund and Tappenbeck 

 were both wounded in attempting a journey 

 inland, the latter fatally. Dr. Zuitgraff has since 

 explored the plateau and mountain ranges and 

 penetrated to a considerable distance east of 

 Yola. In the Bali country and in Adarnawa he 

 saw an abundance of domesticated buffaloes, 

 maned sheep and fowls, while wild animals are 

 very numerous, especially elephants, antelopes, 

 and chimpanzees. Iron ore is plentiful in the 

 mountains, and the Bali are skilled in extract- 

 ing and working iron. More recently Lieut. 

 Morgen led an expedition into the rear country 

 of the southern Cameroons, taking only two 

 months to reach Jaunde station and return to 

 Batanga by descending Tanaga river, which is 

 a new route. He passed around the Duallas, 

 who are the most obstinate defenders of their 

 privileges as middlemen, and were at the time 

 carrying on a determined conflict with the trad- 

 ers in Malimba, to prevent them from going up 

 the Tanaga. Lieut. Morgen's party had a fight 

 with the Malimba tribes, and compelled them 

 to retreat with heavy losses. It is believed that 

 the resistance of the trading tribes is now bro- 

 ken, and that it will be possible to open the low- 

 er Tanaga to direct trade. 



A customs union between the German and 

 French establishments on the Gold Coast went 

 into effect on March 15, 1890, and will continue 

 from year to year 1 unless abrogated by either 

 Government on six months' notice before the 

 end of any year. Gin is taxed 2 to 5 cents a 

 litre; rum, 1 to 2 cents; powder, 1J cent a 

 pound ; firearms, 24 cents each. 



German Southwest Africa, sometimes called 

 Luderitzland, at the close of 1889 embraced an 

 area of 430,000 square miles, and had an esti- 

 mated population of 800,000. By the Anglo- 

 German agreement of 1890 the limits have 

 been extended eastward (see CAPE COLONY). A 

 large part of the southern region, known as 

 Nainaqualand, is waterless. In German Damara- 

 land, including Ovamboland and Kaokoland, the 

 country, especially in the interior, is suited to 

 grazing. The expenses of the commissioner of 

 the German Government in 1888-'89 were 22,000 

 marks. The Germans have been able to make 

 little use of these extensive territories, and there 

 are not more than 200 Germans settled in the 



country. The Southwest Africa Company has 

 been impeded in its operations by the British 

 and Cape Colonists, who conduct all the profit- 

 able enterprises there are in the country, and 

 through their influence with the natives have 

 endeavored to make the position of the Germans 

 unbearable, at the same time offering to reim- 

 burse their losses by purchasing all their rights. 

 Prince Bismarck refused to allow such a transfer, 

 and in the summer of 1890 Chancellor von Ca-_ 

 privi withheld the desired permission to sell their 

 territory to an English company. In the nego- 

 tiations of 1890 the German Government en- 

 deavored, without success, to obtain the cession 

 of Walfisch Bay, the only good harbor. By an 

 agreement made with the Portuguese Govern- 

 ment on Dec. 30, 1886, the Germans were per- 

 mitted to extend their colony to the Zambesi. 

 The English desired to include in their sphere 

 Ngamiland, which is rich in minerals and very 

 fertile, and the whole country of the Western 

 Bechuanas, and in order to satisfy the Cape Colo- 

 nists by securing these territories, and induce the 

 Germans to withdraw from the Somali coast and 

 abandon all hopes of gaining a foothold on the 

 upper Nile, Lord Salisbury was willing to cede 

 Heligoland. North of 22 of south latitude, the 

 country between 20 and 24 of east longitude 

 was not effectively occupied by either power, 

 while both had claims based on treaties with the 

 natives. By the agreement three quarters of this 

 region, including Lake Ngami and the whole of 

 Moremi's country, falls to Great Britain, and the 

 other quarter, consisting of the poorest land, to 

 Germany, who obtains on the north along the 

 eighteenth parallel, which is the Portuguese 

 boundary, a strip reaching to the Chobe and the 

 Zambesi, which shall in no part be less than 20 

 miles wide. North of this strip, which is 300 or 

 400 miles long, are the Barotses and the Mako- 

 Jolo, on territory recognized as Portuguese Hin- 

 terland. 



German East Africa at the beginning of the 

 year had an estimated area of 430,000 square 

 iniles and a population of 800,000 natives. The 

 boundaries have since been altered and greatly 

 extended by the Anglo-German agreement (see 

 EAST AFRICA). The value of the exports during 

 the year ending Aug. 17, 1889, was 2.847,100 ru- 

 pees, the principal articles being ivory for 1,197,- 

 251 rupees, gum copal for 364.289 rupees, and 

 caoutchouc for 306,805 rupees. The tobacco cult- 

 ure at Lewa, in the Usambara mountains, which 

 was interrupted by the insurrection of the coast 

 tribes, was resumed in 1890 by skilled planters 

 from East Prussia and Sumatra. On June 24 

 the Reichstag passed supplementary estimates 

 for East Africa which included 4,500,000 marks 

 for military expenses in suppressing the slave 

 trade, that is, for Major Wissmann's. campaign 

 against the Arabs, and a subvention of 350,000 

 marks for a line of steamships between Ham- 

 burg and the ports on the coast of Zanzibar and 

 Mozambique, more than half the export trade of 

 the Portuguese colony being in German hands. 

 The merchants who have been obliged to ship 

 their goods by the British India line or the 

 Castle Mail packets have hitherto found it ad- 

 vantageous to buy in English markets or in Born- 

 bay. A direct line will therefore benefit German 

 industry. The steamers will run as far as Deln- 



