

GERMANY. 



375 



<roa Bay, enabling Germans to compete for the 

 trade of the Transvaal Republic. The company, 

 which receives a subsidy of 900,000 marks annu- 

 ally, besides the line of monthly packets, agrees 

 to establish a line of coast steamers to call at 

 Bagamoyo, Saadani, Pangani, Tanga, Dar-es-Sa- 

 laarn, Pemba, and Mornbassa. After the conclu- 

 sion of the Anglo-German agreement surveys 

 were begun for two railroads from the coast of 

 Zanzibar to the lakes, and capital was subscribed 

 to place a steamer in Lake Ny,assa and another 

 in Lake Tanganyika. The ivory trade revived 

 as soon as the rebellion was crushed and the 

 caravan routes reopened. The Plantation Soci- 

 ety resumed operations with success on the Sigi 

 river, back of Tanga. Bagamoyo was soon re- 

 populated with a steady population of 15,000 

 persons, more than it had before the hostilities. 

 This place* and Tanga and Dar-es-Salaam were 

 rebuilt with rectangular streets, and the solid 

 houses, the enforcement of sanitary ordinances, 

 the mounted patrols, and the street lanterns 

 gave them the appearance of European towns. 

 In the neighborhood of Bagamoyo cotton plant- 

 ing has been begun by a company of which Ernin 

 Pasha is the head. The French missionaries who 

 have been established in this fertile district for a 

 quarter of a century cultivate cotton, tobacco, 

 cacao, coffee, vanilla, and indigo. In March, the 

 German authorities, on the ground of the diffi- 

 culty of defending it, closed the caravan route 

 through Masailand that the British East African 

 Company had used, which runs through German 

 territory from Pangani to Kilimandjaro. Ivory 

 pays a transit duty of 15 per cent, to the German 

 Company. After' the transfer of Witu and the 

 Somali coast to the British company, some Ger- 

 mans were murdered by the inhabitants, and two 

 British and two German men-of-war went to the 

 spot to exact reparation. On Aug. 1, the Sultan 

 of Zanzibar, at the instance of the British con- 

 sul-general, issued a proclamation absolutely pro- 

 hibiting the exchange, sale, or purchase of slaves, 

 decreeing severe punishment for slave brokers or 

 persons found in possession of slaves acquired 

 subsequent to the date of the proclamation, and 

 declaring all slaves free on the death of their 

 present masters, and those owned by persons 

 subject to British jurisdiction to be free imme- 

 diately. This proclamation caused an insurrec- 

 tion, and it was afterward modified. It created 

 disquietude among the German officials, who 

 feared that it would lead to a new rising, and 

 who therefore took care to dissociate themselves 

 from the English policy, and to let it be under- 

 stood that the German coast region, though still 

 under the nominal sovereignty of the Sultan, was 

 not affected by his decree. The interdiction of 

 all sales of domestic slaves would depreciate the 

 value of landed property on the coast, because it 

 is customary to regard the slaves on an estate as 

 attached to the soil and to sell them with the 

 land. The enforcement of the decree was not 

 attempted in Zanzibar, except to the extent of 

 closing the public slave marts, because it would 

 bankrupt the Arab land owners and the Indian 

 merchants who have advanced money on the 

 security of their slaves, and would produce a 

 serious perturbation in a country where the in- 

 stitution of domestic slavery is so deeply rooted 

 that many slaves are themselves the owners of 



other slaves. In September it was reported that 

 the Gerrrfan authorities in Bagamoyo had pub- 

 lished a proclamation authorizing the free sale 

 and purchase of slaves for export by sea, the 

 capture or importation of raw slaves alone being 

 forbidden. This action, which struck a blow at 

 English influence and prestige in East Africa, 

 was strongly denounced by the British press. 

 Dr. Schmidt, the vice-commissary, denied that 

 he had signed or authorized the' proclamation, 

 which was said to have been posted in the cus- 

 tom houses at Bayamoyo and Dar-es-Salaam by 

 the commanders of the stations, and sales were 

 reported as taking place daily under licenses 

 granted by them, the open market being trans- 

 ferred from Zanzibar to those places. An article 

 in the official " Reichsanzeiger " explained that it 

 appeared hazardous, after 'peace and order had 

 been again established and after the inhabitants 

 had begun to grow accustomed to their new con- 

 ditions, to undertake measures which, striking 

 as they do at the social and domestic condition 

 of the people, contain grounds of incitement to 

 new disorders, and claimed the right for the 

 German Government, which is as determined as 

 before to oppose relentlessly and by all possible 

 means not only slave hunting but also commer- 

 cial slave dealing, in full conformity with its 

 obligations under the treaty of Brussels, to 

 choose the moment that it may deem favorable 

 for the further limitation of existing slavery. 



In the western Pacific, Germany possesses the 

 northeastern part of New Guinea,' called Kaiser 

 Wilhelmsland,with Long Island, Dampier Island, 

 and other small islands near the coast, the total 

 area being 70,000 square miles and the popula- 

 tion about 20,000, with, the Bismarck Archipel- 

 ago, the Marshall Islands, and that part of the 

 Solomon Islands lying north of the boundary 

 agreed on between Germany and Great Britain 

 on April 6, 1886. In Kaiser Wilhelmsland tobac- 

 co has been grown with success, and horses, cat- 

 tle, and goats can be profitably reared. The 

 Bismarck Archipelago comprises the Neu Pom- 

 mern group, formerly called New Britain, Neu 

 Mecklenburg, formerly New Ireland, and Neu 

 Lauenburg, formerly known as the Duke of York 

 Islands, with Vischer, Admiralty. Anchorite, 

 Hermit, and other islands The chief exports 

 are copra and the fiber of the cocoa-nut. The 

 aggregate area of the protectorate is 15.625 

 square miles, with a population of about 250,- 

 000. The German islands of the Solomon group, 

 the chief of which are Bougainville, Choiseul, 

 and Isobel or Mahaga, have an area of 5,700 

 square miles and a population of 80,000. San- 

 dalwood and tortoise shell are exported. The 

 Marshall group consists of two chains of coral 

 islands, on which the cocoa-nut palm grows in 

 perfection. Including Navodo or Pleasant Island, 

 the islands contain about 10,000 inhabitants. 

 The German territory in New Guinea, the Bis- 

 marck Archipelago, and the German half of the 

 Solomon Islands were administered by officials 

 of the New Guinea Company until by the decree 

 of May 6, 1890, all judicial and administrative 

 authority was transferred to the imperial com- 

 missioner. 



In the beginning of April, 1890, was estab- 

 lished a Colonial Department of the German 

 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, over which was 



