430 



INDIA. 



Council, which frames the acts of the Governor- 

 General in council, embracing all ordinary laws 

 and regulations, consists of the members of his 

 Council and from six to twelve additional mem- 

 bers nominated by him. The Marquis of Lans- 

 downe succeeded the Marquis of Dufferin and 

 Ava as Governor-General on Dec. 11, 1888. The 

 Governors of Madras and Bombay have Ex- 

 ecutive and , Legislative Councils, and separate 

 armies, and a civil service independent of that 

 of the Viceroy, and the Lieutenant-Governors 

 of Bengal and the Northwest Provinces exer- 

 cise a certain measure of legislative authority 

 through their Legislative Councils. The admin- 

 istration of the different provinces is to a large 

 extent autonomous, except that the Governor- 

 General has the supreme direction over every- 

 thing. The provinces are divided into districts, 

 each of which is under the entire control of a 

 collector-magistrate or a deputy commissioner, 

 who is responsible to the commissioner of the 

 division or, in provinces where the districts are 

 not grouped in divisions, directly to the Gov- 

 ernor. There are altogether 235 districts in 

 British India. In some districts the collector- 

 magistrate still combines judicial with executive 

 functions. The Viceroy, through political agents 

 or residents at the native courts, exercises a con- 

 trol over the feudatory states, which varies ac- 

 cording to circumstances. 



Area and Population. The area of the 

 British territory has been increased by the an- 

 nexation of Upper Burmah in 1886 from 869,000 

 to 1,064,720 square miles. The population in 

 1888 was reckoned at 208,000,000, which is about 

 one seventh of the population of the world. 

 The feudatory states, including the recent ac- 

 cessions of Manipur and Cashmere, have an area 

 of 598,484 square miles and a population of 

 about 62,405,000. The population of British 

 birth in 1881 numbered 89,798 persons, includ- 

 ing 55,808 soldiers, 2,996 civil officers, 2,448 sea- 

 men, 2,319 railroad employes, 887 connected 

 with commerce, 806 in trie navy, 461 civil en- 

 gineers, 541 agriculturists, 280 coffee planters, 

 178 missionaries, and 321 physicians. The aver- 

 age death rate for British India ranged from 

 20-98 per thousand in 1880 to 28-35 in 1887 dur- 

 ing the nine years ending with the latter year. 

 In 1887 there were in Bengal 24*71 births per 

 thousand and 22-74 deaths; in the Northwest 

 Provinces and Oudh, 41-24 births and 31-98 

 deaths; in the Punjab, 38'84 births and 26-91 

 deaths; in the Central Provinces, 45-36 births 

 and 34-21 deaths; in Berar, 42-90 births and 

 36-07 deaths; in Lower Burmah, 25-51 births 

 and 19-89 deaths; in Assam, 27-95 births and 

 27-91 deaths; in Madras, 29-30 births and 21-80 

 deaths ; in Bombay, 34-79 births and 28-78 

 deaths ; in Mysore, 24-14 births and 15-91 deaths ; 

 in Coorg, 17-48 "births and 16-57 deaths. The 

 coolie emigration, which is mainly directed to 

 the British colonies of Mauritius, Natal, the 

 British West Indies, and British Guiana, was 

 17,936 in 1883-'85, 22,385 in 1884-'85, 6,967 in 

 nine months of 1865, 7,666 in the calendar year 

 1886, 6,889 in 1887, and 9,624 in 1888. In the 

 last-named year 5,842 w r ere destined for the West 

 Indies, 1,413 for Natal, 714 for Mauritius, 605 

 for the French West Indies, 537 for Fiji, and 

 513 for Surinam. 



Education. The result of the recommenda- 

 tions of the commission appointed in 1883 has 

 been an extension of elementary education, the 

 encouragement of native schools and the direc- 

 tion of attention to female education, and the 

 teaching of the Mohammedans and other neg- 

 lected classes. In 1888 the schools of all grades 

 and descriptions numbered 133.352, of which 

 126,298 were for males and 7,054 for females. 

 There were 18,278 public schools and 60,026 

 private schools that received aid from the state. 

 The male schools included 126 colleges, with 

 13,559 students; 4,253 secondary schools, with 

 417,111 pupils ; 84,989 primary schools, with 

 2,335,702 ; 499 medical, technical, industrial, and 

 other special schools, with 15,459; and 36,431 

 advanced and elementary private institutions, 

 with 511,779 ; making the total number of males 

 under instruction 3,193,610. In the 7,054 female 

 schools of all kinds there were 80,285 girls re- 

 ceiving instruction. The spread of education 

 has led to a remarkable development of native 

 literature. In 1887 there were 315 newspapers 

 printed in 12 native languages, and in the pre- 

 ceding year 8,877 books and magazines were is- 

 sued, nine tenths of them in the vernacular. 



Finances. The ordinary receipts for the year 

 ending March 31, 1889, amounted to the sum of 

 Rx 81,696,678, of which Rx 484,468 were received 

 in England. The land revenue amounted to 

 Rx 23,016,404: opium tax, Rx 8,562.319; salt 

 monopoly, Rx 7,675,634; stamp duties, Rx 3,- 

 927,088; excise, Rx 4,705,346; share of provin- 

 cial revenues, Rx 3,054,254; customs, Rx 1,332,- 

 784 ; licenses, Rx 1,520,940 ; forests, Rx 1,349,047 ; 

 registration, Rx 351,712; tribute, Rx 745,233; 

 interest, Rx 841,822 ; posts, telegraphs, and mint, 

 Rx 2,244,826 ; civil departments, Rx 1,507,961 ; 

 railroads and irrigation, Rx 18,026,167; military 

 services, Rx 1,062,363 ; miscellaneous, Rx 1,792,- 

 778. The total expenditure was Rx 81,659,660, 

 of which Rx 21,954,657 were paid out in England. 

 The interest on the debt was Rx 4,712,259 ; re- 

 funds, Rx 1,714,853; costs of collection, Rx 8,- 

 023,043 ; expenses of the post-office, telegraphs, 

 and mint, Rx 2,146,511 ; administration, Rx 1,- 

 745,156 ; legislation and justice, Rx 3,528,435 ; 

 police, Rx 3,754,294 ; navy, Rx 578,284 ; public 

 instruction, Rx 1,722,092; foreign affairs, Rx 

 756,193 ; ecclesiastical affairs and public health, 

 Rx 929,089 ; pensions and grants, Rx 3,976,898 ; 

 public printing, etc., Rx 907,478 ; famine relief, 

 Rx 78,336; army, Rx 21,091,436; public works, 

 Rx 25,710,186 ; miscellaneous, Rx 285,118. The 

 consolidated debt amounted on March 31, 1889, 

 to Rx 195,913,352, of which Rx 100,879,742 were 

 payable in India and Rx 95,033,610 were payable 

 in England. Of the total, about Rx 91,000,000 

 were borrowed for railroads and Rx 26,000,000 

 for irrigation works. There was an unfunded 

 debt contracted in India amounting to Rx 10,- 

 706,207, making the total capital of the debt at 

 that date Rx 206,619,559. The budget estimates 

 for 1889-'90 made the total ordinary receipts 

 Rx 82,935,300 and the expenditures Rx 82,829,- 

 000. Not included in the budget is a reproduct- 

 ive capital expenditure on public works of Rx 

 3,191,470 in 1889 and Rx 2,349,090 in 1890. 

 Since 1879 the land tax has increased from Rx 

 22,323,868, while the opium and salt taxes have 

 diminished in the ten years from Rx 9,399,401 



