INDIA. 



431 



and Rx 6,941,120 respectively. The loss by ex- 

 change in 15,000,000, which is about the 'sum 

 that has to be spent annually in Great Britain 

 out of the Indian revenue, due to the fall in the 

 gold value of the rupee, has been in some years 

 as much as Rx 7,500,000. The value of silver 

 coined in 1884 was Rx 3,663,401 ; in 1885, Rx 

 5,794,232; in 1886, Rx 10,285,567; in 1887, Rx 

 4,616,536; in 1888, Rx 10,788,424. The total 

 coinage of silver and copper from 1859 to 1889 

 has been Rx 188,098,000. 



Defense. After the Sepoy mutiny the 40,- 

 000 British troops were increased to 72,000 and 

 the native contingent was reduced from 215,000 

 to 152,000. In 1890 the British army estimates 

 provided for 45,399 European troops in Bengal. 

 12,794 in Bombay, 11,366 in Madras, 3,200 in Up- 

 per Burmah, and 136 others ; total, 72,895. The 

 native army in 1888 numbered 145,177 men. Of 

 17,000 volunteers of European extraction, 14,000 

 were in 1888 reported as efficient by the inspect- 

 ors. The Indian Government has two armored 

 turret ships at its disposition, the " Abyssinia " 

 of 2,908 tons, and the " Magdala," of 3,344 tons, 

 each armed with four guns. The British squad- 

 ron on the East India station in 1889 numbered 

 13 vessels of war, and on the China station there 

 were 22. The plan of frontier defense approved 

 by Sir Frederick Roberts and carried out by 

 Lord Dufferin and Lord Lansdowne embraces 

 three distinct measures : (1) The connection of 

 the frontier with the base in India by railroad 

 communication; (2) fortifications or protective 

 works at selected positions commanding the ap- 

 proaches to India from Central Asia ; (3) the for- 

 tification of certain great cantonments that are 

 to serve as the immediate strategic base for op- 

 erations against an invading army. The first 

 two parts of this scheme are rapidly approaching 

 completion. The third is not yet fully elaborated. 

 Rawul Pindi is to form the arsenal, hospital base, 

 and commissariat center for the army defending 

 the upper Indus, and its fortifications will be 

 brought up to the modern standard. This for- 

 tified camp will form the eastern extremity of 

 the line commanding the Khyber, which will 

 have at its western end the strongly garrisoned 

 outpost of Peshawur and the fortified passes and 

 in the middle the fortress of Attock command- 

 ing the passage of the Indus. The auxiliary 

 forces to be accepted from the feudatory princes 

 and trained as a part of the Indian army as a step 

 toward utilizing the 360,000 men maintained un- 

 der arms in the native states, one third of whom 

 may be regarded as regular soldiers, will consist 

 of about 25,000 men. Up to 1889 the feudatory 

 princes had offered to maintain for the defense 

 of the empire in time of war and to place at 

 the disposal of the Indian Government the total 

 number of 17,276 picked infantry and 7,046 cav- 

 alry, besides transport and artillery. The offers 

 of artillery were not accepted, but the proposi- 

 tion to maintain transport animals in constant 

 readiness was accepted eagerly. The imperial 

 regiments of the feudatory states are expected to 

 be selected troops brought up to a high state of 

 efficiency, composed exclusively of natives of the 

 individual state and officered by its aristocracy, 

 with no British officers except such as are tempo- 

 rarily lent for purposes of instruction. The new 

 regiments will be annually inspected by British 



generals and high political officers. On Nov. 6, 

 1890, the Viceroy inspected the imperial cavalry 

 of Jodhpore, a regiment composed of pure Raj- 

 puts, which presented a fine appearance and 

 showed the results of excellent training. The 

 Quetta Railroad is being extended to Candahar 

 as rapidly as possible. The chief part of the 

 work is the piercing of the Kwaja Amran range 

 with tunnels, one of which is nearly three miles 

 long. A light railroad for temporary use was 

 built over the mountains in the autumn of 

 1890. 



Commerce and Production. The values of 

 the various imports and classes of imports for 

 the year ending March 31, 1889, were as follow, 

 in tens of rupees : 



IMPORTS. value. 



Cotton manufactures 81,511,805 



Metals, hardware, and cutlery 5,156'217 



Silk, raw and manufactured 2,588 104 



Kails and rolling stock '..'.'. 2^,493' 239 



Machinery 2,816^871 



P lls - 2,072,824 



Coal 1,907,212 



Sugar 1,790,939 



Pro vision s 1 ,588,102 



Woolen goods 1,561 950 



Liquors 1,483,208 



Apparel 1,243,097 



653,054 



Drugs 569,596 



Umbrellas 410603 



Paper 410,535 



Grain and pulse 116,216 



The total value of merchandise imported dur- 

 ing the year on private account was Rx 66,570,- 

 318. The values of the principal exports of private 

 merchandise of Indian production for the same 

 year are given in the following table : 



EXPORTS. ' Values. 



Eaw cotton 15,045,647 



Opium 10,508,081 



Oil seeds and other seeds 9,561,756 



Eice 7.915,854 



Raw jute 7,897,154 



Wheat ... 7,522.675 



Cotton manufactures 6,374.563 



Tea 5,267,815 



Hides and skins 4.763,546 



Indigo 8,948,594 



Jute manufactures 2,571,477 



Coffee 1,884,243 



Wool 968,753 



Dyes, other than Indigo 728,875 



Wood 660.696 



Spices 560,206 



Provisions 553,43 



Sugar 550,889 



Eaw silk and cocoons 518,750 



Oils 430,806 



Saltpeter 401,800 



Lac 400,020 



Silk manufactures 288,487 



The total value of exports was Rx 92,642,734. 

 Of the imports, 82'3 per cent, consisted of manu- 

 factures, 8-3 per cent, mineral products, 6-1 per 

 cent, products of agriculture, 1*7 per cent, prod- 

 uce of fisheries, and 1'6 per cent, produce of 

 stock growing. Of the exports, 82 per cent, con- 

 sisted of agricultural products, 11 per cent, of 

 industrial products, and 7 per cent, of the produce 

 of live stock. The foreign trade of 1889 was 

 divided among the geographical sections of India 

 in the following manner, the figures giving in 

 tens of rupees the imports and exports of both 

 merchandise and specie on private account : 



